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  1. The major risk factor for the development of COPD is cigarette smoking. Smoking causes activation of resident cells and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lungs, which leads to release of pro-infla...

    Authors: Khalil Karimi, Hadi Sarir, Esmaeil Mortaz, Joost J Smit, Hossein Hosseini, Sjef J De Kimpe, Frans P Nijkamp and Gert Folkerts
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:66
  2. It has been proposed that serotonin (5-HT)-mediated constriction of the murine trachea is largely dependent on acetylcholine (ACh) released from the epithelium. We recently demonstrated that ACh can be release...

    Authors: Wolfgang Kummer, Silke Wiegand, Sibel Akinci, Ignatz Wessler, Alfred H Schinkel, Jürgen Wess, Hermann Koepsell, Rainer V Haberberger and Katrin S Lips
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:65
  3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by pulmonary and systemic inflammation which flare-up during episodes of acute exacerbation (AECOPD). Given the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ...

    Authors: Jaume Pons, Jaume Sauleda, Verónica Regueiro, Carmen Santos, Meritxell López, Joana Ferrer, Alvar GN Agustí and José A Bengoechea
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:64
  4. It has been suggested that cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) play an important role in airway remodeling. Previous reports have indicated that cysLTs augment human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Recent...

    Authors: Christiane Lex, Angela Zacharasiewicz, Donald NR Payne, Nicola M Wilson, Andrew G Nicholson, Sergei A Kharitonov, Peter J Barnes and Andrew Bush
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:63
  5. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaires are being increasingly used in COPD clinical studies. The challenge facing investigators is to determine what change is significant, ie what is the minimal clinic...

    Authors: JWH Kocks, MG Tuinenga, SM Uil, JWK van den Berg, E Ståhl and T van der Molen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:62
  6. The Whey Acidic Protein domain is an evolutionarily conserved motif found in a number of proteins, the best studied of which are antiproteinases involved in the innate immune defence of multiple epithelia. We ...

    Authors: Lynne Bingle, Simon S Cross, Alec S High, William A Wallace, Doris Rassl, Guanglu Yuan, Ingegerd Hellstrom, Michael A Campos and Colin D Bingle
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:61
  7. The vitamin D prophylaxis of rickets in pregnant women and newborns may play a role in early allergic sensitization. We now asked if an already diseased population may have inherited genetic variants in the vi...

    Authors: Matthias Wjst, Janine Altmüller, Theresia Faus-Kessler, Christine Braig, Margret Bahnweg and Elisabeth André
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:60
  8. Asthma is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and enhanced T-cell number/activity on one hand and increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) with expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) on the oth...

    Authors: Robert Ten Broeke, Rini De Crom, Rien Van Haperen, Vivienne Verweij, Thea Leusink-Muis, Ingrid Van Ark, Fred De Clerck, Frans P Nijkamp and Gert Folkerts
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:58
  9. Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a common bacterial pathogen causing human respiratory tract infections under permissive conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhalation of β2-recep...

    Authors: Nico A Maris, Sandrine Florquin, Cornelis van't Veer, Alex F de Vos, Wim Buurman, Henk M Jansen and Tom van der Poll
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:57
  10. Although tuberculosis (TB) is a minor problem in Denmark, severe and complicated cases occur in HIV positive. Since the new M. tuberculosis specific test for latent TB, the QuantiFERON-TB In-Tube test (QFT-IT) be...

    Authors: Inger Brock, Morten Ruhwald, Bettina Lundgren, Henrik Westh, Lars R Mathiesen and Pernille Ravn
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:56
  11. The effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension on cardiovascular and physical function are well documented. Limited information exists regarding the effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension on cognitive func...

    Authors: Joanne White, Ramona O Hopkins, Eric W Glissmeyer, Natalie Kitterman and C Gregory Elliott
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:55
  12. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by chronic inflammation of the airways and progressive destruction of lung parenchyma, a process that in most cases is initiated by cigarette smoki...

    Authors: Ingel K Demedts, Tine Demoor, Ken R Bracke, Guy F Joos and Guy G Brusselle
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:53
  13. Recent reports indicate that over the next decade rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women will exceed those in men in the western world, though in most jurisdictions, women continue to s...

    Authors: Wen Qi Gan, SF Paul Man, Dirkje S Postma, Patricia Camp and Don D Sin
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:52
  14. Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is dominated by chronic inflammation with an early and inappropriate influx of neutrophils causing airway destruction. Congenic C57BL/6 CF mice develop lung inflam...

    Authors: Sam Tirkos, Susan Newbigging, Van Nguyen, Mary Keet, Cameron Ackerley, Geraldine Kent and Richard F Rozmahel
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:51
  15. Myofibroblasts, proposed as being derived from circulating fibrocytes, are considered to be important cells in thickening of the basement membrane in patients with asthma. We have studied the correlation of ti...

    Authors: Kristian Nihlberg, Kristoffer Larsen, Anna Hultgårdh-Nilsson, Anders Malmström, Leif Bjermer and Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:50
  16. Only few studies have assessed the relative impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke on the child's later asthma or chronic respiratory symptoms and to our knowledge no studies have elaborate...

    Authors: Jouni JK Jaakkola, Anna A Kosheleva, Boris A Katsnelson, Sergey V Kuzmin, Larissa I Privalova and John D Spengler
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:48
  17. Dexamethasone (Dex) limits and all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) promotes alveolarization. While structural changes resulting from such hormonal exposures are known, their functional consequences are unclear.

    Authors: Samuel J Garber, Huayan Zhang, Joseph P Foley, Hengjiang Zhao, Stephan J Butler, Rodolfo I Godinez, Marye H Godinez, Andrew J Gow and Rashmin C Savani
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:47
  18. Whole airway wall thickening on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is reported to parallel thickening of the bronchial epithelial reticular basement membrane (RBM) in adult asthmatics. A similar relati...

    Authors: S Saglani, G Papaioannou, L Khoo, M Ujita, PK Jeffery, C Owens, DM Hansell, DN Payne and A Bush
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:46
  19. As prolonged hyperoxia induces extensive lung tissue damage, we set out to investigate the involvement of endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptors in these adverse changes.

    Authors: Walid Habre, Ferenc Peták, Isabelle Ruchonnet-Metrailler, Yves Donati, Jean-Francois Tolsa, Eniko Lele, Gergely Albu, Morice Beghetti and Constance Barazzone-Argiroffo
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:45
  20. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines Russia as one of the 22 highest-burden countries for tuberculosis (TB). The WHO Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) strategy employing a standardised tre...

    Authors: Y Balabanova, F Drobniewski, I Fedorin, S Zakharova, V Nikolayevskyy, R Atun and R Coker
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:44
  21. Avian influenza virus H5N1 has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential. Currently, no effective vaccines for H5N1 infection are available, so passive immunotherapy may be an alternative strategy. To inves...

    Authors: Jiahai Lu, Zhongmin Guo, Xinghua Pan, Guoling Wang, Dingmei Zhang, Yanbin Li, Bingyan Tan, Liping Ouyang and Xinbing Yu
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:43
  22. Cysteine-containing leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs) are pivotal inflammatory mediators that play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other inflammatory conditions. In particul...

    Authors: Saula Ravasi, Simona Citro, Barbara Viviani, Valérie Capra and G Enrico Rovati
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:42
  23. Acute lung injury (ALI) induces a coagulation/fibrinolysis imbalance and leads to fibrin deposition. The protein C pathway is an important regulator of the coagulation system and reduces the inflammatory respo...

    Authors: Laurent Robriquet, François Collet, Antoine Tournoys, Thierry Prangère, Rémi Nevière, François Fourrier and Benoît P Guery
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:41
  24. Maternal atopic background and stimulation of the adaptive immune system with allergen interact in the development of allergic disease. Stimulation of the innate immune system through microbial exposure, such ...

    Authors: Bianca Schaub, Monica Campo, Hongzhen He, David Perkins, Matthew W Gillman, Diane R Gold, Scott Weiss, Ellice Lieberman and Patricia W Finn
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:40
  25. Recent studies have identified MUC4 mucin as a ligand for activation of ErbB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase that modulates epithelial cell proliferation following epithelial damage in airways of asthmatics. In t...

    Authors: Gautam Damera, Baoyun Xia and Goverdhan P Sachdev
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:39
  26. Inspiratory activity is a prerequisite for successful application of patient triggered ventilation such as proportional assist ventilation (PAV). It has recently been reported that surfactant instillation incr...

    Authors: Richard Sindelar, Esther Rieger-Fackeldey, Anders Jonzon, Peter Schaller, Andreas Schulze and Gunnar Sedin
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:38
  27. Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF) is developmentally regulated and plays an important role in lung pathogenesis. We initially found that HIMF promotes vascular tubule formation in a matrigel plug model. ...

    Authors: Qiangsong Tong, Liduan Zheng, Li Lin, Bo Li, Danming Wang, Chuanshu Huang and Dechun Li
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:37
  28. The palatine tonsils have a pivotal role in immunological detection of airborne and ingested antigens like bacteria and viruses. They have recently been demonstrated to express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), know...

    Authors: Anne Mansson, Mikael Adner and Lars Olaf Cardell
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:36
  29. Mucus overproduction is a characteristic of inflammatory pulmonary diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. Expression of two mucin genes, MUC2 and MUC5AC, and their protein products (m...

    Authors: Brian N Chorley, Anne L Crews, Yuehua Li, Kenneth B Adler, Michael Minnicozzi and Linda D Martin
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:35
  30. It has been shown that the contractile state of airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to agonists is determined by the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations occurring within the SMCs. Therefore, we hypothesized ...

    Authors: Yan Bai and Michael J Sanderson
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:34
  31. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) play a key role in bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). A major component of the signaling cascade leading to ASMC contraction is calcium. So far, agonist-induced Ca2+-signaling ...

    Authors: Albrecht Bergner, Julia Kellner, Anita Kemp da Silva, Fernando Gamarra and Rudolf M Huber
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:33
  32. The loss of alveolar walls is a hallmark of emphysema. As fibroblasts play an important role in the maintenance of alveolar structure, a change in fibroblast phenotype could be involved in the pathogenesis of ...

    Authors: K-C Müller, L Welker, K Paasch, B Feindt, VJ Erpenbeck, JM Hohlfeld, N Krug, M Nakashima, D Branscheid, H Magnussen, RA Jörres and O Holz
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:32
  33. Acute peritonitis developing in response to gram-negative bacterial infection is known to act as a trigger for the development of acute lung injury which is often complicated by the development of nosocomial p...

    Authors: Mirko Steinmüller, Mrigank Srivastava, William A Kuziel, John W Christman, Werner Seeger, Tobias Welte, Jürgen Lohmeyer and Ulrich A Maus
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:30
  34. Inspired air contains a myriad of potential pathogens, pollutants and inflammatory stimuli. In the normal lung, these pathogens are rarely problematic. This is because the epithelial lining fluid in the lung i...

    Authors: Mark P Rogan, Patrick Geraghty, Catherine M Greene, Shane J O'Neill, Clifford C Taggart and Noel G McElvaney
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:29
  35. Laminin γ2 (Lamc2), one of the polypeptides in laminin-332 (laminin-5), is prominent in the basement membrane of alveolar walls and airways of developing and adult lung. Laminins are important for lung morphogene...

    Authors: Nguyet M Nguyen, Leena Pulkkinen, Jessica A Schlueter, Guerrino Meneguzzi, Jouni Uitto and Robert M Senior
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:28
  36. Human airway surface liquid (ASL) has abundant antimicrobial peptides whose potency increases as the salt concentration decreases. Xylitol is a 5-carbon sugar that has the ability to lower ASL salt concentrati...

    Authors: Lakshmi Durairaj, Srividya Neelakantan, Janice Launspach, Janet L Watt, Margaret M Allaman, William R Kearney, Peter Veng-Pedersen and Joseph Zabner
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:27
  37. The cationic lipid Genzyme lipid (GL) 67 is the current "gold-standard" for in vivo lung gene transfer. Here, we assessed, if GL67 mediated uptake of siRNAs and asODNs into airway epithelium in vivo.

    Authors: Uta Griesenbach, Chris Kitson, Escudero Sara Garcia, Raymond Farley, Charanjit Singh, Luci Somerton, Hazel Painter, Rbecca L Smith, Deborah R Gill, Stephen C Hyde, Yu-Hua Chow, Jim Hu, Mike Gray, Mark Edbrooke, Varrie Ogilvie, Gordon MacGregor…
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:26
  38. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) mediates focal adhesion, actin filament binding and polymerization in a variety of cells, thereby inhibiting cell movement. Phosphorylation of VASP via cAMP and cGM...

    Authors: Annette T Hastie, Min Wu, Gayle C Foster, Gregory A Hawkins, Vikas Batra, Katherine A Rybinski, Rosemary Cirelli, James G Zangrilli and Stephen P Peters
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:25
  39. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of ozone has been shown to increase airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Because the changes in AHR and airway inflammation and structure after chronic ozone exposure n...

    Authors: An-Soo Jang, Inseon-S Choi, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Chang-Soo Park and Choon-Sik Park
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:24
  40. Recent findings suggest that exposure to outdoor air pollutants may increase the risk of allergic rhinitis. The results of these studies are inconsistent, but warrant further attention. The objective of the st...

    Authors: Bing-Fang Hwang, Jouni JK Jaakkola, Yung-Ling Lee, Ying-Chu Lin and Yue-liang Leon Guo
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:23
  41. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) might cause right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to determine the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on right ventr...

    Authors: Nese Dursunoglu, Dursun Dursunoglu, Sibel Özkurt, Sükrü Gür, Güllü Özalp and Fatma Evyapan
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:22
  42. Epigenetics is the term used to describe heritable changes in gene expression that are not coded in the DNA sequence itself but by post-translational modifications in DNA and histone proteins. These modificati...

    Authors: Ian M Adcock, Paul Ford, Kazuhiro Ito and P J Barnes
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:21
  43. After the publication of this work [1], we became aware of the fact that one author was missing on the author list. Dr Jo.H.M. Berden contributed the JM403 antibody and advised on the methodology for the ELISA fo...

    Authors: Jan Stolk, Barbara Veldhuisen, Laura Annovazzi, Chiara Zanone, Elly M Versteeg, Toine H van Kuppevelt, Jo HM Berden, Willem Nieuwenhuizen, Paolo Iadarola and Maurizio Luisetti
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:20
  44. In vitro and some in vivo studies suggested that genetic haplotypes may have an impact on β2-agonist mediated airway responses in asthmatics. Due to strong linkage disequilibrium the single nucleotide polymorphis...

    Authors: Anneke van Veen, Eddy A Wierenga, Robert Westland, Frank R Weller, Guus AM Hart, Henk M Jansen and René E Jonkers
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:19
  45. Human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMC) may regulate airway inflammation by secreting cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. The neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotr...

    Authors: Cecilia Kemi, Johan Grunewald, Anders Eklund and Caroline Olgart Höglund
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2006 7:18

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