Skip to main content
Download PDF

Hydrogen/oxygen therapy for the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial

Respiratory Research volume 22, Article number: 149 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

To investigate whether the administration of hydrogen/oxygen mixture was superior to oxygen in improving symptoms in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).

Methods

This prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in 10 centres enrolled patient with AECOPD and a Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS) score of at least 6 points. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive either hydrogen/oxygen mixture or oxygen therapy. Primary endpoint was the change from baseline in BCSS score at day 7. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to evaluate safety.

Results

Change of BCSS score in Hydrogen/oxygen group was larger than that in Oxygen group (− 5.3 vs. − 2.4 point; difference: − 2.75 [95% CI − 3.27 to − 2.22], meeting criteria for superiority). Similar results were observed in other time points from day 2 through day 6. There was a significant reduction of Cough Assessment Test score in Hydrogen/oxygen group compared to control (− 11.00 vs. − 6.00, p < 0.001). Changes in pulmonary function, arterial blood gas and noninvasive oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between groups as well as other endpoints. AEs were reported in 34 (63.0%) patients in Hydrogen/oxygen group and 42 (77.8%) in Oxygen group. No death and equipment defects were reported during study period.

Conclusions

The trial demonstrated that hydrogen/oxygen therapy is superior to oxygen therapy in patient with AECOPD with acceptable safety and tolerability profile. Trial registration: Name of the registry: U.S National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials; Trial registration number: NCT04000451; Date of registration: June 27, 2019-Retrospectively registered; URL of trial registry record: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04000451?term=04000451&draw=2&rank=1.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronically poor airflow, which now has been a global disease with an estimated 63 million people worldwide [1]. Unfortunately, to date, there is no curative therapy for COPD, and these therapies are mostly palliative [2]. The disease progression of COPD is variable, with some patients having a relatively stable course, while others suffer relentless progression leading to severe breathlessness, frequent acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) [3]. AECOPD are a frequent cause of admission to hospital and even intensive care unit, and mainly responsible for the mortality associated with the disease [4]. AECOPD were characterized by incompletely reversible [5], therefore, standard management mainly includes the bronchodilators, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and oxygen therapy [6]. The ability of current medical treatments to reverse severe respiratory failure in these patients is limited [7]. Usually, oxygen therapy may induce the dangerous event in patients with COPD, such as hypercapnia [8]. Although NIV improves outcomes in patients with COPD and acute respiratory failure [9], persistent hypercapnia after an acute exacerbation is responsible for the early rehospitalization and excess mortality [10, 11]. Therefore, any alternative therapy likely to improve the oxygen therapy would be a valuable asset.

Therapeutic medical gas as pharmaceutical gaseous molecules are emerging as a novel and innovative therapeutic tool for COPD, including oxygen, nitrous oxide and helium [12, 13]. A prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) has demonstrated that nitrous oxide reduces pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD [14]. Besides, the inhalation of helium aid the reversal of airflow obstruction by reducing the resistance to flow in the airways and the work of breathing in severe COPD [15], since helium has a low density and molecular weight (MW). In recent years, molecular hydrogen has been accepted to have potential for preventive and therapeutic applications against many diseases due to its extensive effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and rapidly diffuses [16, 17]. Moreover, hydrogen is the lightest and smallest gas molecule, and more importantly, it found to function as an antioxidant to improve lung function [18]. Thus, we assumed that the inhalation of a hydrogen/oxygen mixture may be an alternative therapy. We attempted to combine oxygen and hydrogen therapy in patients with AECOPD. To allow mobility and easy use at home, a novel device named Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer was used to provide the hydrogen/oxygen mixture. The efficacy of hydrogen/oxygen therapy has been demonstrated in patients with tracheal stenosis [19]. However, the clinical evidence for its efficacy and safety in upper airway obstruction might have been insufficient.

Here, we proposed a hypothesis that hydrogen/oxygen mixture may be superior to oxygen therapy in the improving respiratory symptoms for patient with AECOPD. Thus, the primary purpose of present study was to compare the efficacy of hydrogen/oxygen mixture produced by this novel Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator and oxygen alone in patients with AECOPD. The secondary objective was to assess its safety and tolerability.

Methods

Trial design

This was a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (registration number: NCT04000451) comparing the hydrogen/oxygen mixture therapy and oxygen alone therapy in patients with AECOPD. Patients were recruited from 10 centres in China. The trial was approved by the local ethics committee of all participating centres. All recruited patients provided written informed consent before participating in the trial. The study was conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.

Subjects eligibility

Patients, aged 40 years or older, were eligible for this study if they had evidence of clinically acute exacerbation of COPD according to the diagnostic criteria [20, 21]. All patients has a baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) less than 80% and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) less than 70% in pulmonary function test. The AECOPD was defined as an increase in or new onset of at least two major COPD symptoms (wheezing, sputum production or sputum purulence), or one major COPD symptom plus at least one minor COPD symptom [fever, increase in respiratory rate and heart rate (≥ 20% from baseline), cough, wheezing rale and sore throat/rhinorrhea with 5 days] during at least 2 days consecutively and requiring any change of pharmacological treatment [21]. Patients were also required to have a baseline Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS) score of at least 6 points.

Patient were ineligible if they have received intravenous or oral methylprednisolone (> 80 mg/day) or equivalent dose of other hormones during screen period or required continuous NIV during the index exacerbation. Besides, patients with other abnormalities of the thorax or the lung were also excluded. Additional exclusion criteria were malignant co-morbidities, severe cardiac diseases, diabetes, confirmed or suspected lung cancer, etc. Complete eligibility criteria are listed in the supplement (Additional file 1: Table S1).

Intervention

All eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using a randomisation sequence created by a computer program, to receive either hydrogen/oxygen mixture therapy or oxygen alone therapy (Fig. 1). Treatment allocation was concealed from participants and study staff. Both hydrogen/oxygen mixture and oxygen were introduced via a nasal mask. Hydrogen/oxygen mixture therapy was delivered using a novel device, Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer (AMS-H-01, Shanghai Asclepius Meditech Co., Ltd. China), at flow rate of 3.0 L/min and hydrogen/oxygen volume ratio of 2:1. Oxygen alone therapy was delivered using a Medical oxygen concentrator with molecular sieve (OLO-1, Shanghai Ouliang Medical Apparatus and Instruments Co., Ltd.) at flow rate of 3.0 L/min and air/oxygen volume ratio of 2:1. The oxygen-generator was re-designed to have consistent appearance with Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer. The flow rate was set at 3.0 L/min for Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator (Hydrogen: 2.0 L/min; Oxygen: 1.0 L/min) and 3.0 L/min for Medical oxygen concentrator (air: 2.0 L/min; Oxygen: 1.0 L/min). During study, if oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 88% for patients in both two groups, additional oxygen supplementation was titrated to maintain SpO2 ≥ 88% by another oxygen concentrator. The oxygen titration was achieved by changes in the delivered gas flow rate. If SpO2 was still less than 88% when total oxygen flow rate reached 7.0 L/min, patients were allowed to withdraw from the study and administered with NIV or endotracheal intubation. Hydrogen/oxygen mixture or oxygen was administered for 7 consecutive days and from a minimum of 6 h/day to a maximum of 8 h/day.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study schema. Blue spots: follow-up time point; Red asterisk: Primary efficacy time point

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Patient flow diagram

Full size image

Outcomes and assessment

The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in BCSS score at day 7. The symptom severity of AECOPD was measured from baseline to day 7 via BCSS (0 = no symptoms, 12 = severely affected), with mean changes of 0.3 considered small, 0.6 moderate and > 1 substantial [22]. Secondary endpoints were the change in Cough Assessment Test (CAT) score as measured using CAT Questionnaire (categorical scale from 0 to 40; higher scores indicate more severely affected), and change in noninvasive oxygen saturation (SpO2). The exploratory endpoints were also investigated, including change in pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC), change in arterial blood gas while breathing room air [pH, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), bicarbonate [HCO3−)], additional oxygen inhalation, additional NIV, and instrument performance evaluation. The CAT score, pulmonary function, and arterial blood gas were measured at baseline and day 8. The SpO2, additional oxygen inhalation and NIV, instrument performance evaluation were recorded from baseline to each visit time point. Safety were assessed by the incidence of adverse events (AEs) or death, the changes of physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory data, and the incidence of equipment defects (refer the unreasonable risks that may endanger human health and life safety in normal use of medical devices during clinical trials). Any AEs were recorded during trial period. Severity of AEs was classified using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 [23].

Statistical analysis

The sample size calculation for this superiority trial was based on the published data [22, 24] and our unpublished pilot data. We assumed that the predefined superiority margin was an absolute difference of 1.1 in the primary endpoint between groups. With a superiority limit of 0 on the relative scale, and assuming a loss to follow-up of 20%, 108 subjects (54 subjects per group) would be needed to provide 80% power with a 1-sided significance level of 2.5%.

All efficacy analyses were analyzed respectively in full analysis set (FAS) and per-protocol set (PPS). According to the intent-to-treat principle, FAS was defined as all randomized subjects who received any part of study treatment and received at least one evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness. PPS was defined as randomized subjects who completed the study and the absence of any major protocol violations. Safety assessment was analyzed in safety set (SS), which included all patients who had received at least 1 treatment.

Quantitative data were present as mean (standard deviation [SD]) or median (interquartile range [IQR]) as appropriate. Comparison of mean change in BCSS score and SpO2 at different time points between two groups were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc test. Analysis of CAT score, pulmonary function data and arterial blood gas data were performed using Students’ t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for between-group comparisons. Qualitative data, including additional oxygen inhalation, additional NIV, instrument performance evaluation and safety endpoints, were present as number (percentage) and analyzed by Fisher’s Exact Test or χ2 test as appropriate for between-group comparisons. The center effect was evaluated using PROC GLM of SAS ver. 9.2. Statistical significance was set at the two-sided significance level of 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS software version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, USA).

Results

Patient characteristics

Of the 142 subjects screened, 108 were eligible and randomly assigned to treatment (Fig. 2). There were 54 patients randomized to hydrogen/oxygen mixture therapy and 54 patients to oxygen therapy alone. Of 108 eligible patients enrolled in this study, a total of 107 patients were included in FAS analysis (Oxygen group: n = 54; Hydrogen/oxygen group: n = 53). One patient was excluded from FAS population due to discontinued intervention (consent withdraw). Furthermore, 93 patients completed the study and were included in PPS analysis (Oxygen group: n = 47; Hydrogen/oxygen group: n = 46). The reasons for not including in PPS analysis were the delayed recognition that patient did not meet the eligibility criteria (n = 4) and discontinued intervention (n = 10). Two patients in each group withdraw due to AEs. Baseline characteristics were listed in Table 1. The two groups were well balanced for the baseline variables, including age, gender, disease history and clinical symptoms. Included patients in each centre were listed in Additional file 1: Table S2.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the full analysis set population
Full size table

The mean time of instrument exposure was 6.4 days (range 1–7 days) for the Hydrogen/oxygen group and 6.4 days (range 1–7 days) for the Oxygen group, with no significant between-group differences. The mean treatment period ranged from 364.9 to 375.4 min/day in Hydrogen/oxygen group and 366.0–378.5 min/day in Oxygen group, without significant between-group differences. The compliance between two groups were generally balanced.

Primary endpoint

For the primary endpoint in FAS population, the change from baseline in BCSS score was − 5.3 (range − 10 to − 1) in the Hydrogen/oxygen group and − 2.4 (range − 6 to 0) in Oxygen group (Fig. 3a). The difference in the primary endpoint was − 2.75 (95% CI − 3.27 to − 2.22), with the upper confidence limit not more than the superiority limit of 0. Similarly, in the PPS population, the change from baseline in BCSS score was − 5.2 (range − 8 to − 1) in the Hydrogen/oxygen group and − 2.69 (range − 6–0) in Oxygen group (Fig. 3b). The difference in the primary endpoint was − 2.69 (95% CI − 3.21 to − 2.17), with the upper confidence limit not more than the superiority limit of 0. After treatment, for patients either receiving hydrogen/oxygen or air/oxygen, the reduction of BCSS score from baseline reached significance form day 1, and showed a continuous trend of reduction (Fig. 3). The repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test showed that patients who received hydrogen/oxygen had a more significant improvement in BCSS score over time (from day 1 to day 7) compared to patients received oxygen (p < 0.0001), and the time by group interaction effect was also significant (p < 0.0001). But, no plateau period was observed in the tendency of symptom improvement during the entire study (Fig. 3a, b). Notably, improvement from baseline in BCSS score reached significance in patients receiving hydrogen/oxygen therapy compared with controls from day 2 to day 7 (Fig. 3a, b). No center effect was identified using PROC GLM model (p = 0.14).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Seven-days changes from baseline in BCSS score in FAS (a) and PPS (b) population. BCSS breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale, FAS full analysis set, PPS per-protocol set. *p < 0.05. Red asterisk represent that the BCSS score change from baseline at day 7 is the primary efficacy endpoint

Full size image

Secondary endpoints

With regard to CAT score, there was a statistically significant reduction in the Hydrogen/oxygen group [− 11.00 (95% CI, − 12.60 to − 9.48)] compared to the control [− 6.00 (95% CI, − 7.46 to − 4.61)] in FAS population (p < 0.001, Fig. 4a). The data in PPS population were also consistent with these results [− 11.40 (95% CI − 12.99 to − 9.79) vs. − 5.90 (95% CI − 7.37 to − 4.38), p < 0.001, Fig. 4b].

Fig. 4
figure 4

Changes from baseline in CAT score in in FAS (a) and PPS (b) population. CAT Cough Assessment Test, FAS full analysis set, PPS per-protocol set. ***p < 0.001

Full size image

The changes from baseline in SpO2 were shown in Fig. 5. There was no effect of time (p = 0.169) or group (p = 0.805) on changes from baseline in SpO2. However, there were time by group interactions with respect to the changes from baseline in SpO2 (p < 0.0001). Similar results were found in PPS population.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Seven-days changes from baseline in SpO2 in FAS (a) and PPS (b) population. SpO2, noninvasive oxygen saturation; FAS full analysis set, PPS per-protocol set. *p < 0.05

Full size image

Exploratory endpoints

In FAS population, changes from baseline in the pulmonary function parameters did not differ significantly between treatment groups (Table 2), including FVC (p = 0.309), FEV1 (p = 0.769) and FEV1/FVC (p = 0.536). In addition, the arterial blood gas was measured at day 8 after initial treatment to evaluate the arterial oxygenation. The patients in both treatment groups did not differ in terms of the arterial oxygenation parameters (Table 2), with no significant differences in pH (p = 0.700), PaO2 (p = 0.461), PaCO2 (p = 0.160), and HCO3− (p = 0.136). The consistent results of pulmonary function and arterial oxygenation parameters were observed in the PPS population (Table 2). No patient received any other oxygen inhalation or noninvasive ventilation during study period, without significant between-group differences. Two systems used for therapy were evaluated favorably by all patients.

Table 2 Exploratory endpoints (change from baseline after treatment) in FAS and PPS population
Full size table

Safety analysis

Summary of adverse events was shown in Table 3. Overall, AEs were reported in 34 (63.0%) patients in Hydrogen/oxygen group and 42 (77.8%) patients in Oxygen group, without statistic difference (p = 0.140). The common AEs in two groups included upper respiratory infection (Hydrogen/oxygen: 5.6% vs. Oxygen: 5.6%) and hypokalemia (3.7% vs. 5.6%). The majority of AEs in two groups were mild or moderate in severity (Grade 1 or 2), and only a small percentage of patients experienced severe AEs (Hydrogen/oxygen: 3.7% vs. Oxygen: 13.0%, p = 0.161). In the Hydrogen/oxygen group, device-related AEs occurred in 2 patients (3 events), including dizziness (mild), nasal mucosa injury (mild), and aggravated wheezing (moderate). In the Oxygen group, device-related AEs occurred in 3 patients (3 events), including agrypnia (moderate), abdominal distention (mild) and aggravated wheezing (moderate). In addition, two groups respectively reported 2 cases of AEs leading to withdrawal (Hydrogen/oxygen: 1 polypnea and 1 heart failure; Oxygen: 1 agrypnia and 1 cheat discomfort), without statistic difference. All AEs were resolved with treatment interruption and symptomatic treatment. No notable changes were observed in physical examinations, vital signs, liver and kidney functions. No death and equipment defects were reported during the study period.

Table 3 Summary of adverse events in safety population
Full size table

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter, randomized, controlled trial investigating the efficacy of hydrogen/oxygen mixture in patients with AECOPD. Our direct comparison with the oxygen therapy which used widely in AECOPD has established the better efficacy of hydrogen/oxygen therapy in the improvement of respiratory function for the treatment of AECOPD. Meanwhile, the safety analysis demonstrated that hydrogen/oxygen therapy has acceptable tolerability.

Long-term home oxygen therapy has been proved to improve survival in patients with COPD [25, 26]. However, oxygen therapy in exacerbations of COPD can be both helpful and harmful [27]. Previously, Liu et al. have proposed a hypothesis that hydrogen may be a unique, effective, and specific treatment for COPD, due to its special advantages [28]. Herein, a novel Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator was developed to investigate the effect of hydrogen/oxygen mixture on AECOPD. The most striking finding of this study is that the inhalation of hydrogen/oxygen mixture is superior to oxygen alone in patients with AECOPD. The management of the key symptoms of COPD, such as breathlessness, cough and sputum, is the important treatment objective [29]. We therefore used the patient-reported assessment instrument BCSS to determine the therapeutic effect on patient symptoms. As a consequence, improvements from baseline in BCSS score were better in patients receiving hydrogen/oxygen mixture compared with oxygen alone. Furthermore, during the entire study period, hydrogen/oxygen therapy resulted in a more significant sustained reduction in BCSS score than oxygen therapy. Meanwhile, according to the tendency for symptoms to gradually improve, we speculated that the therapeutic effect of hydrogen/oxygen mixture might be associated with the total time and dose of hydrogen inhalation, suggesting that an optimized design with gradient of inhalation time and dose was needed. More exhilaratingly, no plateau period was observed in the tendency of symptom improvement during the entire study, especially in patients receiving hydrogen/oxygen therapy. In addition, after adjusting for main residual confounding variables on the main outcome, multivariate analysis further verified that intervention was the independent risk factor of substantial improvement in patients with AECOPD (OR = 0.033, 95% CI 0.009–0.117, p < 0.001, Additional file 2: Fig. S1), indicating that hydrogen/oxygen therapy were protective for the improvement of AECOPD. Overall, this phenomenon implicated that hydrogen/oxygen therapy may have greater potential to improve symptoms of AECOPD. Thereby, further investigations with the optimized treatment course as well as long-term follow-up are imperative.

In addition, CAT as a cough-specific quality-of-life questionnaire was used to assessing and monitoring cough in patients [30]. The better improvement in CAT score after the inhalation of hydrogen/oxygen mixture supported our primary analysis, further indicating the superiority of hydrogen/oxygen therapy. Similarly, the results of previous study in tracheal stenosis demonstrated that the inhalation of hydrogen/oxygen mixture reduce the inspiratory effort, which further supports our present study [19]. However, with regard to the exploratory endpoints, both pulmonary function, oxygenation and acid–base balance were comparable in two groups during treatment period. In fact, numerous evidences have revealed the therapeutic effects of hydrogen in a variety of animal disease models and human patients, and meanwhile indicated that hydrogen are comparable to the traditional therapeutic gases regimens including oxygen and hydrogen sulfide [31], which was consisted with our present study. Thus, we could conclude that hydrogen/oxygen therapy has the potential to be a novel and effective treatment for COPD.

The most striking finding of present study was the superiority of hydrogen/oxygen therapy in patient with AECOPD, accompanied by acceptable safety and tolerability profile. The molecular properties of hydrogen might explain why hydrogen/oxygen mixture is superior to oxygen alone in the therapy of AECOPD. We speculated that its superiority in the improvements of key symptoms of AECOPD may be attributable to its physical properties, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and rapid cellular diffusion features [28]. Primarily, hydrogen has similar physical characteristics with gaseous helium, therefore, the inhalation of hydrogen would exert similar effects on the reduction of airway resistance. Previously, it is reported that the hydrogen/oxygen could reduce the inspiratory effort quickly in 100 s [19]. Accordingly, we assumed that the early improvements of symptoms were mainly due to the physical properties of hydrogen, in which its low density could reduce the resistance to flow in the airways, and in turn decrease the work of breathing. Subsequently, its biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant act in several hours, further promoting the improvement of symptoms. Mechanically, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) participated in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of COPD [32,33,34]. The imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity is thought to play an important role in the development and progression of COPD [35]. Thus, suppression of the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and antioxidant therapies is a logical approach to the treatment of COPD [36,37,38]. Patients with COPD exhibit increased oxidant production, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the airways and that oxidant production increases further during exacerbations [39]. H2O2 could convert to very reactive ·OH in the presence of catalytically active metals [40], while ·OH is the major cause of the oxidation and biomolecules destruction by the direct reaction or by triggering the chain reaction of free radicals [41]. Previous study demonstrated that hydrogen did not change the cellular levels of O2·− and H2O2, but significantly decreased levels of ·OH, this means that hydrogen is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect ROS that function in cellular signaling [16]. Hydrogen has previously been shown to reduce inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases [42, 43]. Animal studies also provided evidences for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action of hydrogen in various diseases, such as the pulmonary hypertension and COPD [44, 45]. Collectively, its favourable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in the airway could explain the superior effects on the course of symptom during COPD exacerbation. Furthermore, hydrogen is a small molecule with rapid cellular diffusion features that can easily dissipate throughout the body and cells [46], which may contribute to the fast-acting of these effects. Nevertheless, this explanation cannot be confirmed from present study because we did not measure levels of these inflammatory and oxidative factors during treatment period. Besides, except that hydrogen may be a replacement of helium in the reduction of airway resistance, the exciting thing is that the hydrogen might be able to solve the inconvenience and high cost of helium in practice.

The treatment-related AEs are clearly an area of main concern when considering the development of a new therapeutic regimen. In this trial, we found that both hydrogen/oxygen and oxygen therapy regimens present acceptable safety and tolerability profile. Although approximately more than 60% patients experienced AEs in two groups, the majority of AEs were mild or moderate in severity. The most common AEs from hydrogen/oxygen therapy were upper respiratory infection and hypokalemia, which were also resulted from oxygen alone therapy. Similarly, most of these AEs were known and have also been reported in study on helium/oxygen therapy [15]. In fact, as reported in other publications, these AEs such as hypokalemia, nausea, increased intestinal gas, etc. were occurred frequently in the COPD treatment [47, 48], which were not exclusive to hydrogen/oxygen therapy. There results indicated that the hydrogen would not increase the risk of AEs in the AECOPD treatment. Notably, all AEs were controllable, tolerable and all resolved soon with treatment interruption and symptomatic treatment. Additionally, no notable changes in laboratory test and physical examinations suggested that administration of hydrogen did not interfere with the vital signs and somatic function, which was consistent with the results of previous studies [19, 49]. More importantly, we observed that device-related AEs were infrequent and only a few occurrences in each group, indicating that both the two devices were safe enough. Overall, from the safety perspective, both therapeutic regimens have the acceptable safety, implicating that hydrogen/oxygen produced by Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator can be inhaled safely in patients with AECOPD. We boldly speculate that hydrogen/oxygen therapy may be an alternative to long-term oxygen therapy at home.

Although this study demonstrated important findings, it also has several limitations. First, the lack of a control design with helium/oxygen for this trial is a potential criticism. In fact, the use of oxygen as control was considered because the helium-producing devices have not been used in AECOPD therapy in China. Meanwhile, the voice alteration caused by helium inhalation would break the double-blind design. Thus, given that the definite effect of oxygen in COPD [50, 51], a medical oxygen concentrator was selected as the positive control by unifying the device appearance. Second, the explosive risk of this device was a primary concern for this this trial. However, this problem has been adequately tested. Through testing in a confined space, the maximum hydrogen concentration was 0.8% after 2 h of continuous operation, which was far below the explosion limits of hydrogen in the air (4%) [19]. Also, the relatively short study period was a limitation of this trial, which may not evaluate the long-term benefit of hydrogen/oxygen therapy. In addition, the study had a relative low sample size. But even so, the study has sufficient power reach the intended target for the primary endpoint. Thus, the large-scale trials are in progress or planned on the basis of the findings in this study.

Conclusion

In the first trial to date on hydrogen/oxygen therapy for AECOPD treatment, compared with oxygen, the inhalation of hydrogen/oxygen mixture resulted in a more significant improvement of AECOPD symptoms, including breathlessness, cough and sputum, with acceptable safety and tolerability profile. The findings suggested that the hydrogen/oxygen therapy was feasible and well tolerated for patients with AECOPD, having potential to be used as an alternative emergency management for AECOPD.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Hassett DJ, Borchers MT, Panos RJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): evaluation from clinical, immunological and bacterial pathogenesis perspectives. J Microbiol. 2014;52:211–26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Martinez FD. Early-life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:871–8.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Shaw JG, Vaughan A, Dent AG, O’Hare PE, Goh F, Bowman RV, Fong KM, Yang IA. Biomarkers of progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Thorac Dis. 2014;6:1532–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Vargas F, Bui HN, Boyer A, Salmi LR, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Guenard H, Gruson D, Hilbert G. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation in acute exacerbations of COPD patients with mild respiratory acidosis: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN17802078]. Crit Care. 2005;9:R382-389.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Papaiwannou A, Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K, Spyratos D, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Pataka A, Tsakiridis K, Arikas S, Mpakas A, et al. Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS): current literature review. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(Suppl 1):S146-151.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Ko FW, Chan KP, Hui DS, Goddard JR, Shaw JG, Reid DW, Yang IA. Acute exacerbation of COPD. Respirology. 2016;21:1152–65.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brochard L. Non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of COPD: a new standard of care. Thorax. 2000;55:817–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Abdo WF, Heunks LM. Oxygen-induced hypercapnia in COPD: myths and facts. Crit Care. 2012;16:323.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Osadnik CR, Tee VS, Carson‐Chahhoud KV, Picot J, Wedzicha JA, Smith BJ. Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews 2017.

  10. Murray I, Paterson E, Thain G, Currie GP. Outcomes following non-invasive ventilation for hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2011;66:825–6.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, Bourke S, Calverley PMA, Crook AM, Dowson L, Duffy N, Gibson GJ, Hughes PD, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:2177–86.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Berganza CJ, Zhang JH. The role of helium gas in medicine. Med Gas Res. 2013;3:18.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nakao A. Therapeutic Medical Gas.

  14. Vonbank K, Ziesche R, Higenbottam TW, Stiebellehner L, Petkov V, Schenk P, Germann P, Block LH. Controlled prospective randomised trial on the effects on pulmonary haemodynamics of the ambulatory long term use of nitric oxide and oxygen in patients with severe COPD. Thorax. 2003;58:289–93.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jolliet P, Ouanes-Besbes L, Abroug F, Ben Khelil J, Besbes M, Garnero A, Arnal JM, Daviaud F, Chiche JD, Lortat-Jacob B, et al. A multicenter randomized trial assessing the efficacy of helium/oxygen in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:871–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144:1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Huang C-S, Kawamura T, Toyoda Y, Nakao A. Recent advances in hydrogen research as a therapeutic medical gas. Free Radical Res. 2010;44:971–82.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kohama K, Yamashita H, Aoyama-Ishikawa M, Takahashi T, Billiar TR, Nishimura T, Kotani J, Nakao A. Hydrogen inhalation protects against acute lung injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Surgery. 2015;158:399–407.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhou ZQ, Zhong CH, Su ZQ, Li XY, Chen Y, Chen XB, Tang CL, Zhou LQ, Li SY. Breathing hydrogen-oxygen mixture decreases inspiratory effort in patients with tracheal stenosis. Respiration. 2019;97:42–51.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, Celli BR, Chen R, Decramer M, Fabbri LM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:557–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. AECOPD EGfDaTo. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Respir. 2017;37:1041–57.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Leidy NK, Schmier JK, Jones MK, Lloyd J, Rocchiccioli K. Evaluating symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: validation of the Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale. Respir Med. 2003;97(Suppl A):S59-70.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Cancer Institute: common terminology criteria for adverse events. Version 4.03. 2016.

  24. Leidy NK, Rennard SI, Schmier J, Jones MK, Goldman M. The breathlessness, cough, and sputum scale: the development of empirically based guidelines for interpretation. Chest. 2003;124:2182–91.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Górecka D, Gorzelak K, Sliwiński P, Tobiasz M, Zieliński J. Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia. Thorax. 1997;52:674–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Katsenos S, Constantopoulos SH. Long-term oxygen therapy in COPD: Factors affecting and ways of improving patient compliance. Pulm Med. 2011;2011:325362.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Branson RD. Oxygen therapy in COPD. Respir Care. 2018;63:734–48.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu S, Liu K, Sun Q, Tao H, Sun X-J. Hydrogen therapy may be a novel and effective treatment for COPD. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2.

  29. Celli B, Halpin D, Hepburn R, Byrne N, Keating ET, Goldman M. Symptoms are an important outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinical trials: results of a 3-month comparative study using the Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale (BCSS). Respir Med. 2003;97:S35–43.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Koo H-K, Jeong I, Kim J-H, Kim S-K, Shin J-W, Park SY, Rhee CK, Choi EY, Moon J-Y, Kim YH, et al. Development and validation of the COugh Assessment Test (COAT). Respirology. 2019;24:551–7.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Huang L. Molecular hydrogen: a therapeutic antioxidant and beyond. Med Gas Res. 2016;6:219–22.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Fischer BM, Pavlisko E, Voynow JA. Pathogenic triad in COPD: oxidative stress, protease-antiprotease imbalance, and inflammation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:413–21.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Domej W, Oettl K, Renner W. Oxidative stress and free radicals in COPD–implications and relevance for treatment. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:1207–24.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kirkham PA, Barnes PJ. Oxidative stress in COPD. Chest. 2013;144:266–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Langen RC, Korn SH, Wouters EF. ROS in the local and systemic pathogenesis of COPD. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;35:226–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Barnes PJ. New anti-inflammatory targets for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2013;12:543–59.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cazzola M, Page CP, Calzetta L, Matera MG. Emerging anti-inflammatory strategies for COPD. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:724–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Rahman I. Antioxidant therapies in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1:15.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Dekhuijzen PN, Aben KK, Dekker I, Aarts LP, Wielders PL, van Herwaarden CL, Bast A. Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:813–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Biologically relevant metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation. An update. FEBS Lett. 1992;307:108–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Lipinski B. Hydroxyl radical and its scavengers in health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011;2011:809696.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ishibashi T. Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:6375–81.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Katsura K-i, Katayama Y, Asoh S, Ohta S. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med. 2007;13:688–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kishimoto Y, Kato T, Ito M, Azuma Y, Fukasawa Y, Ohno K, Kojima S. Hydrogen ameliorates pulmonary hypertension in rats by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;150:645–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Lu W, Li D, Hu J, Mei H, Shu J, Long Z, Yuan L, Li D, Guan R, Li Y, et al. Hydrogen gas inhalation protects against cigarette smoke-induced COPD development in mice. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10:3232–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ohno K, Ito M, Ichihara M, Ito M. Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:353152.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research G, Albert RK, Au DH, Blackford AL, Casaburi R, Cooper JA Jr, Criner GJ, Diaz P, Fuhlbrigge AL, Gay SE, et al. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1617–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hanania NA, Feldman G, Zachgo W, Shim J-J, Crim C, Sanford L, Lettis S, Barnhart F, Haumann B. The efficacy and safety of the novel long-acting β2 agonist vilanterol in patients with COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Chest. 2012;142:119–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Ono H, Nishijima Y, Adachi N, Sakamoto M, Kudo Y, Nakazawa J, Kaneko K, Nakao A. Hydrogen(H2) treatment for acute erythymatous skin diseases. A report of 4 patients with safety data and a non-controlled feasibility study with H2 concentration measurement on two volunteers. Medical Gas Res. 2012;2:14.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ahmadi Z, Sundh J, Bornefalk-Hermansson A, Ekstrom M. Long-term oxygen therapy 24 vs 15 h/day and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:0163293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stoller JK, Panos RJ, Krachman S, Doherty DE, Make B. Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD: current evidence and the long-term oxygen treatment trial. Chest. 2010;138:179–87.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific Grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ze-Guang Zheng, Wu-Zhuang Sun, Jie-Ying Hu and Zhi-Jun Jie contributed equally to the manuscript and thus share the first authorship

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangdong, China

    Ze-Guang Zheng, Jie-Ying Hu & Nan-Shan Zhong

  2. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China

    Wu-Zhuang Sun

  3. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China

    Zhi-Jun Jie

  4. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China

    Jin-Fu Xu

  5. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China

    Jie Cao

  6. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Yuan-Lin Song

  7. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

    Chang-Hui Wang

  8. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    Jing Wang

  9. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China

    Hui Zhao

  10. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Zhong-Liang Guo

Authors
  1. Ze-Guang Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wu-Zhuang Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jie-Ying Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhi-Jun Jie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jin-Fu Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jie Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yuan-Lin Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chang-Hui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jing Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hui Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Zhong-Liang Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Nan-Shan Zhong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design: Z-GZ, W-ZS, J-YH, Z-JJ, N-SZ; Materials and samples are provided: Z-GZ, J-FX, JC, N-SZ; Data collection and collation: Y-LS, C-HW; Data analysis and interpretation: JW, HZ, Z-LG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ze-Guang Zheng or Nan-Shan Zhong.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The trial was approved by the local ethics committee of all participating centres. All recruited patients provided written informed consent before participating in the trial. The study was conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

Jin-Fu Xu is an Associate Editor of Respirology Research. All other authors (Ze-Guang Zheng, Wu-Zhuang Sun, Jie-Ying Hu, Zhi-Jun Jie, Jie Cao, Yuan-Lin Song, Chang-Hui Wang, Jing Wang, Hui Zhao, Zhong-Liang Guo, Nan-Shan Zhong) declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1:

Table S1. Complete eligibility criteria. Table S2. The included patients in each centre.

Additional file 2: Figure S1.

Forest plot of the multivariate analysis. Change from baseline in BCSS score >1 was identified as substantial improvement and ≤1 as non-substantial improvement, which were used as outcomes in logistics regression analysis.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zheng, ZG., Sun, WZ., Hu, JY. et al. Hydrogen/oxygen therapy for the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial. Respir Res 22, 149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01740-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01740-w

Keywords

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Acute exacerbation
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Outcome

Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

Contact us