Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, Mitchell EA, Pearce N, Sibbald B, Stewart AW, Strachan D, Weiland SK, Williams HC: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995, 8: 483-491. 10.1183/09031936.95.08030483.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lenney W: The burden of pediatric asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997, 15: 13-16. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199709)15+<13::AID-PPUL4>3.3.CO;2-F.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith DH, Malone DC, Lawson KA, Okamoto LJ, Battista C, Saunders WB: A national estimate of the economic costs of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 787-793.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cookson W: The alliance of genes and environment in asthma and allergy. Nature. 1999, 402: B5-B11. 10.1038/35037002.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandford AJ, Shirakawa T, Moffatt MF, Daniels SE, Ra C, Faux JA, Young RP, Nakamura Y, Lathrop GM, Cookson WOCM, Hopkin JM: Localisation of atopy and β subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor (FCεRI) on chromosome 11q. Lancet. 1993, 341: 332-334. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90136-5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burrows B, Martinez F, Halonen M, Barbee R, Cline M: Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med. 1989, 320: 271-277.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burrows B, Sears MR, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD, Silva PA: Relation of the course of bronchial responsiveness from age 9 to age 15 to allergy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 1302-1308.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marsh D, Neely J, Breazeale D, Ghosh B, Feidhoff L, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Schou C, Krishnaswamy G, Beaty T: Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobin E concentrations. Science. 1994, 264: 1152-1156.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zimmerman B, Enander I, Zimmerman R, Ahlstedt S: Asthma in children less than 5 years of age: eosinophils and serum levels of the eosinophil proteins ECP and EPX in relation to atopy and symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994, 24: 149-155.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bousquet J, Chanez P, Vignola AM, Lacoste JY, Michel FB: Eosinophil inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994, 150: S33-S38.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandford A, Weir T, Pare P: The genetics of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 1749-1765.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmer LJ, Cookson WOCM: Genomic approaches to understanding asthma. Genome Res. 2000, 10: 1280-1287. 10.1101/gr.143400.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Woolcock AJ: Worldwide trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. Explanation of trends. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1991, 66: 85-89.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNally NJ, Phillips DR, Williams HC: The problem of atopic eczema: aetiological clues from the environment and lifestyles. Soc Sci Med. 1998, 46: 729-741. 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00174-3.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ober C, Moffatt MF: Contributing factors to the pathobiology. The genetics of asthma. Clin Chest Med. 2000, 21: 245-261.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels S, Bhattacharrya S, James A, Leaves N, Young A, Hill M, Faux J, Ryan G, LeSouef P, Lathrop G, Musk A, Cookson W: A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci underlying asthma. Nature. 1996, 383: 247-250. 10.1038/383247a0.
PubMed
Google Scholar
CSGA: A genome-wide search for asthma susceptibility loci in ethnically diverse populations. Nat Genet. 1997, 15: 389-392.
Ober C, Cox NJ, Abney M, Di Rienzo A, Lander ES, Changyaleket B, Gidley H, Kurtz B, Lee J, Nance M, Pettersson A, Prescott J, Richardson A, Schlenker E, Summerhill E, Willadsen S, Parry R: Genome-wide search for asthma susceptibility loci in a founder population. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma. Hum Mol Genet. 1998, 7: 1393-1398. 10.1093/hmg/7.9.1393.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wjst M, Fischer G, Immervoll T, Jung M, Saar K, Rueschendorf F, Reis A, Ulbrecht M, Gomolka M, Weiss EH, Jaeger L, Nickel R, Richter K, Kjellman NM, Griese M, von Berg A, Gappa M, Riedel F, Boehle M, van Koningsbruggen S, Schoberth P, Szczepanski R, Dorsch W, Silbermann M, Loesgen S, Scholz M, Bickeböller H, Wichmann HE: A genome-wide search for linkage to asthma. Genomics. 1999, 58: 1-8. 10.1006/geno.1999.5806.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zielenski J, Tsui L: Cystic fibrosis - genotypic and phenotypic variations. Annu Rev Genet. 1995, 29: 777-807. 10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.004021.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lander E, Schork N: Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 1994, 265: 2037-2048.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silverman EK, Palmer LJ: Case–control association studies for the genetics of complex respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000, 22: 645-648.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weeks D, Lathrop G: Polygenic disease: methods for mapping complex disease traits. Trends Genet. 1995, 11: 513-519. 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)89163-5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collins A, Lonjou C, Morton NE: Genetic epidemiology of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 15173-15177. 10.1073/pnas.96.26.15173.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Risch N, Merikangas K: The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996, 273: 1516-1517.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmer LJ, Cookson WOCM: Atopy and asthma. In Genetic Analysis of Multifactorial Diseases. Edited by Sham PC, Bishop T. London: BIOS Scientific Publishers;. 2000, 215-237.
Google Scholar
Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW: Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet. 1980, 32: 314-331.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marth GT, Korf I, Yandell MD, Yeh RT, Gu Z, Zakeri H, Stitziel NO, Hillier L, Kwok PY, Gish WR: A general approach to single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery. Nat Genet. 1999, 23: 452-456. 10.1038/70570.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang DG, Fan JB, Siao CJ, Berno A, Young P, Sapolsky R, Ghandour G, Perkins N, Winchester E, Spencer J, Kruglyak L, Stein L, Hsie L, Topaloglou T, Hubbell E, Robinson E, Mittmann M, Morris MS, Shen N, Kilburn D, Rioux J, Nusbaum C, Rozen S, Hudson TJ, Lipshutz R, Chee M, Lander ES: Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science. 1998, 280: 1077-1082. 10.1126/science.280.5366.1077.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kruglyak L, Lander E: High-resolution genetic mapping of complex traits. Am J Hum Genet. 1995, 56: 1212-1223.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Risch NJ: Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium. Nature. 2000, 405: 847-856. 10.1038/35015718.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schork NJ, Fallin D, Lanchbury JS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the future of genetic epidemiology. Clin Genet. 2000, 58: 250-264. 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580402.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gray IC, Campbell DA, Spurr NK: Single nucleotide polymorphisms as tools in human genetics. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 2403-2408. 10.1093/hmg/9.16.2403.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keavney B: Genetic association studies in complex diseases. J Hum Hypertens. 2000, 14: 361-367. 10.1038/sj/jhh/1001020.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elston R: The genetic dissection of multifactorial traits. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995, 2: 103-106.
Google Scholar
Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Serial analysis of gene expression. Science. 1995, 270: 484-487.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schena M, Shalon D, Davis RW, Brown PO: Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science. 1995, 270: 467-470.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin ER, Lai EH, Gilbert JR, Rogala AR, Afshari AJ, Riley J, Finch KL, Stevens JF, Livak KJ, Slotterbeck BD, Slifer SH, Warren LL, Conneally PM, Schmechel DE, Purvis I, Pericak-Vance MA, Roses AD, Vance JM: SNPing away at complex diseases: analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms around APOE in Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 67: 383-394. 10.1086/303003.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eberle MA, Kruglyak L: An analysis of strategies for discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Genet Epidemiol. 2000, 19: S29-S35. 10.1002/1098-2272(2000)19:1+<::AID-GEPI5>3.0.CO;2-P.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bentley DR: The Human Genome Project - an overview. Med Res Rev. 2000, 20: 189-196. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(200005)20:3<189::AID-MED2>3.0.CO;2-#.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roberts L: Human genome research. SNP mappers confront reality and find it daunting [news]. Science. 2000, 287: 1898-1899. 10.1126/science.287.5460.1898.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collins FS, Patrinos A, Jordan E, Chakravarti A, Gesteland R, Walters L: New goals for the US Human Genome Project: 1998-2003. Science. 1998, 282: 682-689. 10.1126/science.282.5389.682.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saegusa A: Japan bids to catch up on gene sequencing [news]. Nature. 1999, 399: 96-10.1038/20044.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall E: Snipping away at genome patenting [news]. Science. 1997, 277: 1752-1753. 10.1126/science.277.5333.1752.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall E: A second private genome project [news]. Science. 1998, 281: 1121-10.1126/science.281.5380.1121a.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masood E: As consortium plans free SNP map of human genome [news]. Nature. 1999, 398: 545-546. 10.1038/19126.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalayanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 231-238. 10.1038/10290.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Landegren U, Nilsson M, Kwok PY: Reading bits of genetic information: methods for single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Genome Res. 1998, 8: 769-776.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kurian KM, Watson CJ, Wyllie AH: DNA chip technology [editorial]. J Pathol. 1999, 187: 267-271. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199902)187:3<267::AID-PATH275>3.0.CO;2-#.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall A, Hodgson J: DNA chips: an array of possibilities. Nat Biotechnol. 1998, 16: 27-31.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gordon D, Leal SM, Heath SC, Ott J: An analytic solution to single nucleotide polymorphism error-detection rates in nuclear families: implications for study design. Pacif Symp Biocomput. 2000, 663-674.
Google Scholar
Collins FS, Guyer MS, Charkravarti A: Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation. Science. 1997, 278: 1580-1581. 10.1126/science.278.5343.1580.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kruglyak L: The use of a genetic map of biallelic markers in linkage studies. Nat Genet. 1997, 17: 21-24.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krawczak M, Reiss J, Cooper DN: The mutational spectrum of single base-pair substitutions in mRNA splice junctions of human genes: causes and consequences. Hum Genet. 1992, 90: 41-54.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Drazen JM, Yandava CN, Dube L, Szczerback N, Hippensteel R, Pillari A, Israel E, Schork N, Silverman ES, Katz DA, Drajesk J: Pharmacogenetic association between ALOX5 promoter genotype and the response to anti-asthma treatment. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 168-170. 10.1038/9680.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nickerson DA, Whitehurst C, Boysen C, Charmley P, Kaiser R, Hood L: Identification of clusters of biallelic polymorphic sequence-tagged sites (pSTSs) that generate highly informative and automatable markers for genetic linkage mapping. Genomics. 1992, 12: 377-387.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chakravarti A: It's raining SNPs, hallelujah? [news]. Nat Genet. 1998, 19: 216-217. 10.1038/885.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKeigue PM: Mapping genes that underlie ethnic differences in disease risk: methods for detecting linkage in admixed populations, by conditioning on parental admixture. Am J Hum Genet. 1998, 63: 241-251. 10.1086/301908.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuhner MK, Beerli P, Yamato J, Felsenstein J: Usefulness of single nucleotide polymorphism data for estimating population parameters. Genetics. 2000, 156: 439-447.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stallings RL, Ford AF, Nelson D, Torney DC, Hildebrand CE, Moyzis RK: Evolution and distribution of (GT)n repetitive sequences in mammalian genomes. Genomics. 1991, 10: 807-815.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brookes AJ: The essence of SNPs. Gene. 1999, 8: 177-186. 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00219-X.
Google Scholar
Xiong M, Jin L: Comparison of the power and accuracy of biallelic and microsatellite markers in population-based gene-mapping methods. Am J Hum Genet. 1999, 64: 629-640. 10.1086/302231.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Terwilliger JD, Weiss KM: Linkage disequilibrium mapping of complex disease: fantasy or reality?. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1998, 9: 578-594. 10.1016/S0958-1669(98)80135-3.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao LP, Aragaki C, Hsu L, Quiaoit F: Mapping of complex traits by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet. 1998, 63: 225-240. 10.1086/301909.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Long AD, Langley CH: The power of association studies to detect the contribution of candidate genetic loci to variation in complex traits. Genome Res. 1999, 9: 720-731.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zollner S, von Haeseler A: A coalescent approach to study linkage disequilibrium between single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 66: 615-628. 10.1086/302766.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Toivonen HT, Onkamo P, Vasko K, Ollikainen V, Sevon P, Mannila H, Herr M, Kere J: Data mining applied to linkage disequilibrium mapping. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 67: 133-145. 10.1086/302954.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li T, Ball D, Zhao J, Murray RM, Liu X, Sham PC, Collier DA: Family-based linkage disequilibrium mapping using SNP marker haplotypes: application to a potential locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q11. Mol Psychiat. 2000, 5: 452-10.1038/sj.mp.4000752.
Google Scholar
Terwilliger JD: A powerful likelihood method for the analysis of linkage disequilibrium between trait loci and one or more polymorphic marker loci. Am J Hum Genet. 1995, 56: 777-787.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Collins A, Morton NE: Mapping a disease locus by allelic association. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 1741-1745. 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1741.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
MacLean CJ, Morton NE, Yee S: Combined analysis of genetic segregation and linkage under an oligogenic model. Comput Biomed Res. 1984, 17: 471-480. 10.1016/0010-4809(84)90013-2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nielsen R: Estimation of population parameters and recombination rates from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetics. 2000, 154: 931-942.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
deWeck A, Mayer P, Stumper B, Schiessl B, Pickart L: Dog allergy, a model for allergy genetics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997, 113: 55-57.
Google Scholar
Levitt R, Mitzner W: Expression of airway hyperreactivity to acetylcholine as a simple autosomal recessive trait in mice. FASEB J. 1988, 2: 2605-2608.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Biozzi G, Mouton D, Sant'Anna O, Passos H, Gennari M, Reis M, Ferreira V, Heumann A, Bouthillier Y, Ibaniz O, Stiffel C, Siqueira M: Genetics of immunoresponsiveness to natural antigens in the mouse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1979, 85: 31-98.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sapin C, Hirsch F, Delaporte J, Bazin H, Druet P: Polyclonal IgE increase after HgCl2 injections in BN and LEW rats: a genetic analysis. Immunogenetics. 1984, 20: 227-236.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lammas D, Mitchell L, Wakelin D: Genetic control of eosinophilia in parasitic infections: responses of mouse strains to treatment with cyclophosphamide and parastite antigen. Int J Parasitol. 1988, 18: 1077-1085. 10.1016/0020-7519(88)90078-1.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dawkins H, Windon R, Eagleson G: Eosinophil responses in sheep selected for high and low responsiveness to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Int J Parasitol. 1989, 19: 199-205. 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90008-8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Sanctis GT, Merchant M, Beier DR, Dredge RD, Grobholz JK, Martin TR, Lander ES, Drazen JM: Quantitative locus analysis of airway hyperresponsiveness in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Nat Genet. 1995, 11: 150-154.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Lefort J, Kearsey V, Lapa e Silva JR, Cookson WO, Vargaftig BB: A genome-wide screen for asthma-associated quantitative trait loci in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Hum Mol Genet. 1999, 8: 601-605. 10.1093/hmg/8.4.601.
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacLean JA, De Sanctis GT, Ackerman KG, Drazen JM, Sauty A, DeHaan E, Green FH, Charo IF, Luster AD: CC chemokine receptor-2 is not essential for the development of antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol. 2000, 165: 6568-6575.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindblad-Toh K, Winchester E, Daly MJ, Wang DG, Hirschhorn JN, Laviolette JP, Ardlie K, Reich DE, Robinson E, Sklar P, Shah N, Thomas D, Fan JB, Gingeras T, Warrington J, Patil N, Hudson TJ, Lander ES: Large-scale discovery and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the mouse. Nat Genet. 2000, 24: 381-386. 10.1038/74215.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moffatt MF, Cookson WO: Gene identification in asthma and allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998, 116: 247-252. 10.1159/000023952.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fields S: The future is function. Nat Genet. 1997, 15: 325-327.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kruglyak L: Prospects for whole-genome linkage disequilibrium mapping of common disease genes. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 139-144. 10.1038/9642.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abecasis GR, Noguchi E, Heinzmann A, Traherne JA, Bhat-tacharyya S, Leaves NI, Anderson GG, Zhang Y, Lench NJ, Carey A, Cardon LR, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO: Extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in three genomic regions. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 191-197. 10.1086/316944.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jorde L: Linkage disequilibrium as a gene-mapping tool [editorial; comment]. Am J Hum Genet. 1995, 56: 11-14.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosenwasser L, Klemm D, Dresback J, Inamura H, Mascali J, Klin-nert M, Borish L: Promoter polymorphisms in the chromosome 5 gene cluster in asthma and atopy. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995, 25: 74-78.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walley A, Cookson W: Investigation of an interleukin-4 promoter polymorphism for associations with asthma and atopy. J Med Genet. 1996, 33: 689-692.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Corry DB, Kheradmand F: Induction and regulation of the IgE response. Nature. 1999, 402: B18-B23. 10.1038/35037014.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meyers D, Postma D, Panhuysen C, Xu J, Amelung P, Levitt R, Bleecker E: Evidence for a locus regulating total serum IgE levels mapping to chromosome 5. Genomics. 1994, 23: 464-470. 10.1006/geno.1994.1524.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green S, Turki J, Innis M, Liggett S: Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human β2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994, 33: 9414-9419.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGraw DW, Forbes SL, Kramer LA, Witte DP, Fortner CN, Paul RJ, Liggett SB: Transgenic overexpression of β2-adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle alters myocyte function and ablates bronchial hyperreactivity. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 32241-32247. 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32241.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB: Mutations in the gene encoding for the β2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol. 1993, 8: 334-339.
Google Scholar
Liggett S: Genetics of β2-adrenergic receptor variants in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995, 25: 89-94.
PubMed
Google Scholar
D'Amato M, Vitiani LR, Petrelli G, Ferrigno L, di Pietro A, Trezza R, Matricardi PM: Association of persistent bronchial hyperresponsiveness with β2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotypes. A population study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1968-1973.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weir TD, Mallek N, Sandford AJ, Bai TR, Awadh N, Fitzgerald JM, Cockcroft D, James A, Liggett SB, Pare PD: β2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes in mild, moderate and fatal/near fatal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 787-791.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martinez FD, Graves PE, Baldini M, Solomon S, Erickson R: Association between genetic polymorphisms of the β2-adrenoceptor and response to albuterol in children with and without a history of wheezing. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 3184-3188.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosenwasser LJ: Genetics of atopy and asthma: promoter-based candidate gene studies for IL-4. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997, 113: 61-64.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baldini M, Carla Lohman I, Halonen M, Erickson RP, Holt PG, Martinez FD: A polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999, 20: 976-983.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graves PE, Kabesch M, Halonen M, Holberg CJ, Baldini M, Fritzsch C, Weiland SK, Erickson RP, von Mutius E, Martinez FD: A cluster of seven tightly linked polymorphisms in the IL-13 gene is associated with total serum IgE levels in three populations of white children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000, 105: 506-513. 10.1067/mai.2000.104940.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heinzmann A, Mao XQ, Akaiwa M, Kreomer RT, Gao PS, Ohshima K, Umeshita R, Abe Y, Braun S, Yamashita T, Roberts MH, Sugimoto R, Arima K, Arinobu Y, Yu B, Kruse S, Enomoto T, Dake Y, Kawai M, Shimazu S, Sasaki S, Adra CN, Kitaichi M, Inoue H, Yamauchi K, Tomichi N, Kurimoto F, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM, Izuhara K, Shirakawa T, Deichmann KA: Genetic variants of IL-13 signalling and human asthma and atopy. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 549-559. 10.1093/hmg/9.4.549.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hershey GKK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA: The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med. 1997, 337: 1720-1725. 10.1056/NEJM199712113372403.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shirakawa I, Deichmann KA, Izuhara I, Mao I, Adra CN, Hopkin JM: Atopy and asthma: genetic variants of IL-4 and IL-13 signalling. Immunol Today. 2000, 21: 60-64. 10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01492-9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Takabayashi A, Ihara K, Sasaki Y, Suzuki Y, Nishima S, Izuhara K, Hamasaki N, Hara T: Childhood atopic asthma: positive association with a polymorphism of IL-4 receptor α gene but not with that of IL-4 promoter or Fcε receptor Iβ gene. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 2000, 17: 63-70. 10.1159/000019125.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosa-Rosa L, Zimmermann N, Bernstein JA, Rothenberg ME, Khurana Hershey GK: The R576 IL-4 receptor α allele correlates with asthma severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999, 104: 1008-1014.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hill M, Cookson W: A new variant of the β subunit of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobin E (FC-ε-RI-β E237G) -associations with measures of atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Hum Mol Genet. 1996, 5: 959-962. 10.1093/hmg/5.7.959.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shirakawa T, Mao X, Sasaki S, Enomoto T, Kawai M, Morimoto K, Hopkin J: Association between atopic asthma and a coding variant of FCεRIβ in a Japanese population. Hum Mol Genet. 1996, 5: 1129-1130. 10.1093/hmg/5.8.1129.
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Herwerden L, Harrap S, Wong Z, Abramson M, Kutin J, Forbes A, Raven J, Lanigan A, Walters E: Linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor gene with bronchial hyperreactivity, even in the absence of atopy. Lancet. 1995, 346: 1262-1265. 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91863-9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cox H, Moffatt M, Faux J, Walley A, Coleman R, Trembath R, Cookson W, Harper J: Association of atopic dermatitis to the β subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Br J Dermatol. 1998, 138: 182-187. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02108.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmer L, Pare P, Faux J, Moffatt M, Daniels S, Lesouef P, Bremner P, Mockford E, Gracey M, Spargo R, Musk A, Cookson W: FcεR1-β polymorphism and total serum IgE levels in endemically parasitized Australian aborigines. Am J Hum Genet. 1997, 61: 182-188.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shirakawa T, Li A, Dubowitz M, Dekker J, Shaw A, Faux J, Ra C, Cookson W, Hopkin J: Association between atopy and variants of the β subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobin E receptor. Nat Genet. 1994, 7: 125-130.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freidhoff L, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Meyers D, Ansari A, Bias W, Marsh D: Association of HLA-DR3 with human immune response to Lol p I and Lol p II allergens in allergic subjects. Tiss Antigens. 1988, 31: 211-219.
Google Scholar
Marsh D, Huang S: Molecular genetics of human immune responsiveness to pollen allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991, 21: 168-172.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Young R, Dekker J, Wordsworth B, Schou C, Pile K, Matthiesen F, Rosenberg W, Bell J, Hopkin J, Cookson W: HLA-DR and HLD-DP genotypes and immunoglobin E responses to common major allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994, 24: 431-439.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aron Y, Desmazes-Dufeu N, Matran R, Polla B, Dusser D, Lockhart A, Swierczewski E: Evidence of a strong, positive association between atopy and the HLA class II alleles DR4 and DR7. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996, 26: 821-828. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1996.d01-379.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Campbell D, Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Knox A, Markham A, Morrison J: LTa NcoI polymorphism at the TNF locus correlates with clinical symptoms of asthma. Eur J Respir Dis. 1995, 8: 552-
Google Scholar
Moffatt M, Cookson W: Tumour necrosis factor haplotypes and asthma. Hum Mol Genet. 1997, 6: 551-554. 10.1093/hmg/6.4.551.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilkinson J, Thomas S, Lio P, Holgate S, Morton N: Evidence for linkage for atopy and asthma to markers on chromosome 12q. Eur Respir J. 1996, 9: 435s-
Google Scholar
Barnes K, Neely J, Duffy D, Freidhoff L, Breazeale D, Schou C, Naidu R, Levett P, Renault B, Kucherlapati R, Iozzino S, Ehrlich E, Beaty T, Marsh D: Linkage of asthma and total serum IgE concentration to markers on chromosome 12q: evidence from Afro-Caribbean and Caucasian populations. Genomics. 1996, 37: 41-50. 10.1006/geno.1996.0518.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moffatt M, Hill M, Cornelius F, Schou C, Faux J, Young R, James A, Ryan G, LeSouef P, Musk A, Hopkin J, Cookson W: Genetic linkage of T-cell receptor α/δ complex to specific IgE responses. Lancet. 1994, 343: 1597-1600. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93057-0.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katz R, Lieberman J, Siegel S: Alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and the prevalence of Pi variant phenotypes in asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1976, 57: 41-45.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hyde J, Werner P, Kumar C, Moore B: Protease inhibitor variants in children and young adults with chronic asthma. Ann Allergy. 1979, 43: 8-13.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liebermann J, Colp C: A role for intermediate, heterozygous α1-antitrypsin deficiency in obstructive lung disease. Chest. 1990, 98: 522-523.
Google Scholar
Kauffmann F, Frette C, Pham Q, Nafissi S, Bertrand J, Oriol R: Associations of blood group-related antigens to FEV1, wheezing, and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 76-82.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schroeder S, Gaughan D, Swift M: Protection against bronchial asthma by CFTR ΔF508 mutation: a heterozygote advantage in cystic fibrosis. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 703-705.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mennie M, Gilfillan A, Brock D, Liston W: Heterozygotes for the ΔF508 cystic fibrosis allele are not protective against bronchial asthma. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 978-979.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oxelius V-A: Correlation between atopy and Gm allotypes. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990, 91: 54-57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amoroso A, Berrino M, Bottaro A, Danese P, Mazzola G, Braga M, Tosoni C, Cattaneo R, Curtoni E: The genetics of allergy -RFLP analysis of HLA and immunoglobulin heavy chain constant genes in Italian patients. Fundam Clin Immunol. 1996, 4: 35-44.
Google Scholar
Laing I, Goldblatt J, Eber E, Hayden C, Rye P, Gibson N, Palmer L, Burton P, LeSouef P: A polymorphism of the CC16 gene is associated with an increased risk of asthma. J Med Genet. 1998, 35: 463-467.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mao XQ, Shirakawa T, Kawai M, Enomoto T, Sasaki S, Dake Y, Kitano H, Hagihara A, Hopkin JM, Morimoto K: Association between asthma and an intragenic variant of CC16 on chromosome 11q13. Clin Genet. 1998, 53: 54-56. 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1998.531530111.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hall IP, Wheatley A, Christie G, McDougall C, Hubbard R, Helms PJ: Association of CCR5 δ32 with reduced risk of asthma. Lancet. 1999, 354: 1264-1265. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03425-X.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Syed F, Blakemore SJ, Wallace DM, Trower MK, Johnson M, Markham AF, Morrison JF: CCR7 (EBI1) receptor down-regulation in asthma: differential gene expression in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Quart J Med. 1999, 92: 463-471. 10.1093/qjmed/92.8.463.
Google Scholar
Benessiano J, Crestani B, Mestari F, Klouche W, Neukirch F, Hacein-Bey S, Durand G, Aubier M: High frequency of a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997, 99: 53-57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stephens JC: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and their relevance to pharmacogenetics. Mol Diagn. 1999, 4: 309-317.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ball S, Borman N: Pharmacogenetics and drug metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 1997, 15: 925-926.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poolsup N, Li Wan Po A, Knight TL: Pharmacogenetics and psychopharmacotherapy. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000, 25: 197-220. 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2000.00281.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCarthy JJ, Hilfiker R: The use of single-nucleotide polymorphism maps in pharmacogenomics. Nat Biotechnol. 2000, 18: 505-508. 10.1038/75360.
PubMed
Google Scholar
March R: Pharmacogenomics: the genomics of drug response. Yeast. 2000, 17: 16-21. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(200004)17:1<16::AID-YEA6>3.0.CO;2-E.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liggett SB: The pharmacogenetics of β2-adrenergic receptors: relevance to asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000, 105: S487-S492.
PubMed
Google Scholar
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee: Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet. 1998, 351: 1225-1232. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07302-9.
Google Scholar
Hall IP: Pharmacogenetics of asthma. Eur Respir J. 2000, 15: 449-451. 10.1183/09031936.00.15344900.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB, Boushey HA, Cherniack RM, Chinchilli VM, Cooper DM, Fahy JV, Fish JE, Ford JG, Kraft M, Kunselman S, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF, Martin RJ, McLean DE, Peters SP, Silverman EK, Sorkness CA, Szefler SJ, Weiss ST, Yandava CN: The effect of polymorphisms of the β2-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 75-80.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liggett SB: Pharmacogenetics of β-1- and β-2-adrenergic receptors. Pharmacology. 2000, 61: 167-173. 10.1159/000028397.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yan L, Galinsky RE, Bernstein JA, Liggett SB, Weinshilboum RM: Histamine N-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: association of a common functional polymorphism with asthma. Pharmacogenetics. 2000, 10: 261-266. 10.1097/00008571-200004000-00007.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lander E, Kruglyak L: Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet. 1995, 11: 241-247.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Witte JS, Elston RC, Cardon LR: On the relative sample size required for multiple comparisons. Stat Med. 2000, 19: 369-372. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<369::AID-SIM335>3.0.CO;2-N.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yan H, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Tech.sight. Genetic testing - present and future. Science. 2000, 289: 1890-1892. 10.1126/science.289.5486.1890.
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Ommen GJ, Bakker E, den Dunnen JT: The human genome project and the future of diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. Lancet. 1999, 354 Suppl 1: SI5-SI10.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ross LF, Moon MR: Ethical issues in genetic testing of children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000, 154: 873-879.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE: The Nurses' Health Study: 20-year contribution to the understanding of health among women. J Womens Health. 1997, 6: 49-62.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Welborn T: The Busselton study: mapping population health. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company;. 1998
Google Scholar
Martinez FD: Viral infections and the development of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: 1644-1647.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmer LJ, Valinsky IJ, Pikora T, Zubrick SR, Landau LI: Environmental factors and asthma and allergy in schoolchildren from Western Australia. Eur Respir J. 1999, 14: 1351-1357. 10.1183/09031936.99.14613519.
PubMed
Google Scholar
ATS [American Thoracic Society]: Cigarette smoking and health: the official statement of the American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 861-865.
Weiss ST: Diet as a risk factor for asthma. Ciba Found Symp. 1997, 206: 244-257.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Warner JA, Jones CA, Williams TJ, Warner JO: Maternal programming in asthma and allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998, 28: 35-38. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00168.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Becker A, Chan-Yeung M: Primary prevention of asthma and other allergic disorders. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 19: 563-568.
Google Scholar
Morton N, Green A, Dunsworth T, Svejgaard A, Barbosa J, Rich S, Iselius L, Platz P, Ryder L: Heterozygous expression of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) determinants in the HLA system. Am J Hum Genet. 1983, 35: 201-213.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P, Anslinger K, Betz A, Caglia A, Corach D, Furedi S, Henke L, Hidding M, Kargel HJ, Lessig R, Nagy M, Pascali VL, Parson W, Rolf B, Schmitt C, Szibor R, Teifel-Greding J, Krawczak M: A new method for the evaluation of matches in non-recombining genomes: application to Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in european males. Forensic Sci Int. 2000, 114: 31-43. 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00287-5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zavattari P, Deidda E, Whalen M, Lampis R, Mulargia A, Loddo M, Eaves I, Mastio G, Todd JA, Cucca F: Major factors influencing linkage disequilibrium by analysis of different chromosome regions in distinct populations: demography, chromosome recombination frequency and selection. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 2947-2957. 10.1093/hmg/9.20.2947.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watkins WS, Zenger R, O'Brien E, Nyman D, Eriksson AW, Renlund M, Jorde LB: Linkage disequilibrium patterns vary with chromosomal location: a case study from the von Willebrand factor region. Am J Hum Genet. 1994, 55: 348-355.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jorde LB, Watkins WS, Carlson M, Groden J, Albertsen H, Thliveris A, Leppert M: Linkage disequilibrium predicts physical distance in the adenomatous polyposis coli region. Am J Hum Genet. 1994, 54: 884-898.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar