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  1. Inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-13) and mechanical perturbations (e.g. scrape injury) to the epithelium release profibrotic factors such as TGF-β2, which may, in turn, stimulate subepithelial fibrosis in asthma. ...

    Authors: Nikita K Malavia, Justin D Mih, Christopher B Raub, Bao T Dinh and Steven C George
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:27
  2. CD38 is expressed in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, regulates intracellular calcium, and its expression is augmented by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). CD38 has a role in airway hyperresponsiven...

    Authors: Krishnaswamy G Tirumurugaan, Bit Na Kang, Reynold A Panettieri, Douglas N Foster, Timothy F Walseth and Mathur S Kannan
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:26
  3. Bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitor cells have been shown to have the potential to differentiate into a diversity of cell types involved in tissue repair. The characteristics of these progenitor cells in pneum...

    Authors: Hisashi Suzuki, James C Hogg and Stephan F van Eeden
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:25
  4. Sex differences have been described in a number of pulmonary diseases. However, the impact of ozone exposure followed by pneumonia infection on sex-related survival and macrophage function have not been report...

    Authors: Anatoly N Mikerov, Xiaozhuang Gan, Todd M Umstead, Laura Miller, Vernon M Chinchilli, David S Phelps and Joanna Floros
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:24
  5. Deep inspirations (DI) have bronchodilatory and bronchoprotective effects in healthy human subjects, but these effects appear to be absent in asthmatic lungs. We have characterized the effects of DI on lung me...

    Authors: Sofia Jonasson, Linda Swedin, Maria Lundqvist, Göran Hedenstierna, Sven-Erik Dahlén and Josephine Hjoberg
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:23
  6. Computer tomography (CT) densitometry is a potential tool for detecting the progression of emphysema but the optimum methodology is uncertain. The level of inspiration affects reproducibility but the ability t...

    Authors: David G Parr, Martin Sevenoaks, ChunQin Deng, Berend C Stoel and Robert A Stockley
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:21
  7. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a progressive and still incurable disease. Research of IPAH-pathogenesis is complicated by the lack of a direct access to the involved tissue, the human pul...

    Authors: Silvia Ulrich, Laima Taraseviciene-Stewart, Lars C Huber, Rudolf Speich and Norbert Voelkel
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:20
  8. Endothelial dysfunction is a major complication of pulmonary endarterectomy (PTE) that can lead to pulmonary edema and persistent pulmonary hypertension. We hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction is related...

    Authors: Edouard Sage, Olaf Mercier, Frederic Van den Eyden, Marc de Perrot, Anne Marie Barlier-Mur, Philippe Dartevelle, Saadia Eddahibi, Philippe Herve and Elie Fadel
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:19
  9. Smoking is the most important cause for the development of COPD. Since not all smokers develop COPD, it is obvious that other factors must be involved in disease development. We hypothesize that heme oxygenase...

    Authors: Corry-Anke Brandsma, Machteld N Hylkema, Barry WA van der Strate, Dirk-Jan Slebos, Marjan A Luinge, Marie Geerlings, Wim Timens, Dirkje S Postma and Huib AM Kerstjens
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:17
  10. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important respiratory pathogen implicated as an infectious trigger in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but its molecular interaction with human lung epithelia...

    Authors: Feng Xu, Zhihao Xu, Rong Zhang, Zuqun Wu, Jae-Hyang Lim, Tomoaki Koga, Jian-Dong Li and Huahao Shen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:16
  11. TNFα may contribute to the pathophysiology of airway inflammation. For example, we have recently shown that nasal administration of TNFα produces late phase co-appearance of granulocyte and plasma exudation ma...

    Authors: Henrik Widegren, Jonas Erjefält, Magnus Korsgren, Morgan Andersson and Lennart Greiff
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:15
  12. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is a naturally occurring dust-induced disease mainly characterized by bronchiolitis which shows histological and pathophysiological similarities to human chronic ob...

    Authors: Dirk Theegarten, Konrad Sachse, Britta Mentrup, Kerstin Fey, Helmut Hotzel and Olaf Anhenn
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:14
  13. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), an innate immune molecule, plays an important protective role during airway inflammation. Deficiency of this molecule induces emphysematous changes in murine lungs, but its signifi...

    Authors: Michael W Sims, Ruth M Tal-Singer, Sonja Kierstein, Ali I Musani, Michael F Beers, Reynold A Panettieri and Angela Haczku
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:13
  14. Inspiratory muscle weakness in patients with COPD is of major clinical relevance. For instance, maximum inspiratory pressure generation is an independent determinant of survival in severe COPD. Traditionally, ...

    Authors: Coen AC Ottenheijm, Leo MA Heunks and Richard PN Dekhuijzen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:12
  15. Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) during childhood are often caused by respiratory viruses, result in significant morbidity, and have associated costs for families and society. Despite their ubiquity, there i...

    Authors: Stephen B Lambert, Kelly M Allen, Robert C Carter and Terence M Nolan
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:11
  16. Lung injury caused by both inhaled dusts and infectious agents depends on increased availability of iron and metal-catalyzed oxidative stress. Because inhaled particles, such as silica, and certain infections ...

    Authors: Andrew J Ghio, Jacqueline G Stonehuerner, Judy H Richards, Kay M Crissman, Victor L Roggli, Claude A Piantadosi and Martha Sue Carraway
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:10
  17. Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is a globally distributed fungal pathogen with the potential to cause serious disease, particularly among immune compromised hosts. Exposure to this organism is believed to...

    Authors: Loïc Guillot, Scott F Carroll, Mohamed Badawy and Salman T Qureshi
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:9
  18. In this study, we analyzed maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) values in a stable COPD population compared with normal subjects. We evaluated the possible correlation betwe...

    Authors: Claudio Terzano, Daniela Ceccarelli, Vittoria Conti, Elda Graziani, Alberto Ricci and Angelo Petroianni
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:8
  19. Bronchioles are critical zones in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation. However, there have been few studies on the in vivo dynamics of cytokine gene expression in bronchiolar epithelial cells in respon...

    Authors: Tomoko Betsuyaku, Ichiro Hamamura, Junko Hata, Hiroshi Takahashi, Hiroaki Mitsuhashi, Tracy L Adair-Kirk, Robert M Senior and Masaharu Nishimura
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:7
  20. Prophylactic exogenous surfactant therapy is a promising way to attenuate the ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with lung transplantation and thereby to decrease the clinical occurrence of acute...

    Authors: Niels Dreyer, Christian Mühlfeld, Antonia Fehrenbach, Thomas Pech, Sebastian von Berg, Ragi Nagib, Joachim Richter, Thorsten Wittwer, Thorsten Wahlers and Matthias Ochs
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:5
  21. There are over 100 genes that have been reported to be associated with asthma or related phenotypes. In 2006–2007 alone there were 53 novel candidate gene associations reported in the literature. Replication o...

    Authors: Jian Zhang, Peter D Paré and Andrew J Sandford
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:4
  22. Racemic albuterol is an equimolar mixture of two isomers, (R) and (S). Whether (R) and (S) isomers and the combination of both exert different effects in immune activation is not well defined. We analyzed the ...

    Authors: Marcela A Ferrada, Erin L Gordon, Kai Yu Jen, Hong Zhen He, Xin Lu, Leesa M Barone, Sepideh Amirifeli, David L Perkins and Patricia W Finn
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:3
  23. Tobacco smoke and genetic susceptibility are risk factors for asthma and wheezing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a combined effect of interleukin-13 gene (IL13) polymorphisms and tobac...

    Authors: Alireza Sadeghnejad, Wilfried Karmaus, S Hasan Arshad, Ramesh Kurukulaaratchy, Marianne Huebner and Susan Ewart
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:2
  24. Clara cells are the epithelial progenitor cell of the small airways, a location known to be important in many lung disorders. Although migration of alveolar type II and bronchiolar ciliated epithelial cells ha...

    Authors: Jeffrey J Atkinson, Tracy L Adair-Kirk, Diane G Kelley, Daphne deMello and Robert M Senior
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2008 9:1
  25. Guidelines recommend inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Most COPD patients are managed in primary care and receive ICS long-term and irrespecti...

    Authors: Aklak B Choudhury, Carolyn M Dawson, Hazel E Kilvington, Sandra Eldridge, Wai-Yee James, Jadwiga A Wedzicha, Gene S Feder and Chris J Griffiths
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:93
  26. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an important outcome parameter in patients with chronic diseases. This study aimed to assess the role of disease-specific HRQL for long-term survival in p...

    Authors: Stephan Budweiser, Andre P Hitzl, Rudolf A Jörres, Kathrin Schmidbauer, Frank Heinemann and Michael Pfeifer
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:92
  27. Cockroach exposure is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. Inhalation of fecal remnants (frass) is the likely sensitizing agent; however isolated frass has not been tested for its ability to indu...

    Authors: Kristen Page, Kristin M Lierl, Nancy Herman and Marsha Wills-Karp
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:91
  28. While glucocorticoids are currently the most effective therapy for asthma, associated side effects limit enthusiasm for their use. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activators include the s...

    Authors: Venkata R Narala, Rajesh Ranga, Monica R Smith, Aaron A Berlin, Theodore J Standiford, Nicholas W Lukacs and Raju C Reddy
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:90
  29. The variability in the inflammatory burden of the lung in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients together with the variable effect of glucocorticoid treatment led us to hypothesize that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene p...

    Authors: Harriet Corvol, Nadia Nathan, Celine Charlier, Katarina Chadelat, Philippe Le Rouzic, Olivier Tabary, Brigitte Fauroux, Alexandra Henrion-Caude, Josue Feingold, Pierre-Yves Boelle and Annick Clement
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:88
  30. Although chronic aspiration has been associated with several pulmonary diseases, the inflammatory response has not been characterized. A novel rodent model of chronic aspiration was therefore developed in orde...

    Authors: James Z Appel III, Sean M Lee, Matthew G Hartwig, Bin Li, Chong-Chao Hsieh, Edward Cantu III, Yonghan Yoon, Shu S Lin, William Parker and R Duane Davis
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:87
  31. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by abnormal lung inflammation that exceeds the protective response. Various culture models using epithelial cell lines or primary cells have been u...

    Authors: Gaetan Deslee, Sandra Dury, Jeanne M Perotin, Denise Al Alam, Fabien Vitry, Rachel Boxio, Sophie C Gangloff, Moncef Guenounou, François Lebargy and Abderrazzaq Belaaouaj
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:86
  32. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with bronchial epithelial changes, including squamous cell metaplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia. These features are partially attributed to activati...

    Authors: Thérèse S Lapperre, Jacob K Sont, Annemarie van Schadewijk, Margot ME Gosman, Dirkje S Postma, Ingeborg M Bajema, Wim Timens, Thais Mauad and Pieter S Hiemstra
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:85
  33. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a key component of host defense in the respiratory epithelium. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased susceptibility to infection, while COPD is characterised by bact...

    Authors: Ruth E MacRedmond, Catherine M Greene, Delbert R Dorscheid, Noel G McElvaney and Shane J O'Neill
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:84
  34. It has been reported that Chlamydophila (C.) pneumoniae is involved in the initiation and promotion of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Surprisingly, the effect of C. pneumoniae on airway...

    Authors: Francesco Blasi, Stefano Aliberti, Luigi Allegra, Gioia Piatti, Paolo Tarsia, Jacobus M Ossewaarde, Vivienne Verweij, Frans P Nijkamp and Gert Folkerts
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:83
  35. Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurements are used as a surrogate marker for eosinophilic airway inflammation. However, many constitutional and environmental factors affect FENO, making it difficult to devise refe...

    Authors: D Robin Taylor, Piush Mandhane, Justina M Greene, Robert J Hancox, Sue Filsell, Christene R McLachlan, Avis J Williamson, Jan O Cowan, Andrew D Smith and Malcolm R Sears
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:82
  36. Smoking activates and recruits inflammatory cells and proteases to the airways. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 may be a key mediator in smoke induced emphysema. However, the influence of smoking and its ces...

    Authors: Agne Babusyte, Kristina Stravinskaite, Jolanta Jeroch, Jan Lötvall, Raimundas Sakalauskas and Brigita Sitkauskiene
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:81
  37. Interferons play a critical role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous reports have shown increased levels of IFN-γ, IFN-γ-inducing IL-12 and IFN-γ-inducible chemokine IP-10 in ...

    Authors: Maria Torvinen, Hinnah Campwala and Iain Kilty
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:80
  38. Short PLUNC1 (SPLUNC1) is the founding member of a family of proteins (PLUNCS) expressed in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, which may function in host defence. It is one of the most highly express...

    Authors: Lynne Bingle, Frances A Barnes, Simon S Cross, Doris Rassl, William A Wallace, Michael A Campos and Colin D Bingle
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:79
  39. Contents of the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the bronchi are of central interest in lung diseases, acute lung injury and pharmacology. The most commonly used technique broncheoalveolar lavage is invasive a...

    Authors: Stig S Tyvold, Erik Solligård, Oddveig Lyng, Sigurd L Steinshamn, Sigurd Gunnes and Petter Aadahl
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:78
  40. Hypoxia induces the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) in vivo and in vitro, and prostacyclin analogues are thought to inhibit the growth of PASMC. Previous studies suggest that p27kip...

    Authors: Maiko Kadowaki, Shiro Mizuno, Yoshiki Demura, Shingo Ameshima, Isamu Miyamori and Takeshi Ishizaki
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:77
  41. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a highly prevalent condition, whose pathophysiology is not well understood. Endothelins are proinflammatory, profibrotic, broncho- and vasoconstrictive peptides wh...

    Authors: Ziemowit Zietkowski, Roman Skiepko, Maria M Tomasiak and Anna Bodzenta-Lukaszyk
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:76
  42. Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in critically ill patients. One of the primary organs affected by sepsis is the lung, presenting as the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Organ damage in sep...

    Authors: Luminita Eid, Zohar Bromberg, Mahmoud Abd EL-Latif, Evelyn Zeira, Ariella Oppenheim and Yoram G Weiss
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:74
  43. Influenza virus binds to cell receptors via sialic acid (SA) linked glycoproteins. They recognize SA on host cells through their haemagglutinins (H). The distribution of SA on cell surfaces is one determinant ...

    Authors: John M Nicholls, Anthony J Bourne, Honglin Chen, Yi Guan and JS Malik Peiris
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:73
  44. Bacterial DNA containing motifs of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG-ODN) initiate an innate immune response mediated by the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). This leads in particular...

    Authors: Pascal Knuefermann, Georg Baumgarten, Alexander Koch, Markus Schwederski, Markus Velten, Heidi Ehrentraut, Jan Mersmann, Rainer Meyer, Andreas Hoeft, Kai Zacharowski and Christian Grohé
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:72
  45. IL-10 is a cytokine mainly produced by macrophages that plays key roles in tolerance to inhaled antigens and in lung homeostasis. Its regulation in alveolar macrophages (HAM), the resident lung phagocytes, rem...

    Authors: Hugues Chanteux, Amélie C Guisset, Charles Pilette and Yves Sibille
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2007 8:71

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