Table 4 Decline in Spirometry parameters measuring SAO over time

^#Tashkin et al. 1984 [30]

FEF_25–75

Lung function decline and smoking status. (UCLA study)

N = 2400

Female: N = 1309, 54.5%. Mean age 45.6 years

White non-Hispanic American

Lung function at baseline and after 5 years

5-year decline in FEF_25–75 (L/s):

Never smokers: Male = − 0.43 L/s

Never smokers: Female = − 0.38 L/s

Overall decline = − 0.41 L/s

Former smokers at baseline: Male = − 0.36 L/s

Former smokers at baseline: Female = − 0.33 L/s

Overall decline = − 0.35 L/s

Quitters at follow-up: Male = − 0.39 L/s

Quitters at follow-up: Female = − 0.25 L/s

Overall decline = − 0.32 L/s

Continuing smokers: Male = − 0.61 L/s

Continuing smokers: Female = − 0.46 L/s

Overall decline = − 0.54 L

Male smokers had significantly greater decline in FEF_25–75 compared to quitters (p = 0.004); Females did not (p = 0.112)

Total decline (all groups) = − 0.40 L/s

^#Detels et al., 1987 [21]

FEF_25-75

White, residents with non-Hispanic surnames in Glendora (high pollution) and Lancaster (Low pollution) who are never smokers. (UCLA study)

Baseline: N = 1733, Female = 1102, 63.11%

Retested: N = 932,

Female = 611, 66%

Age 19–59 years

Lung function at baseline and after 5.5 years

6 years in Lancaster and 5 years in Glendora

Mean (SE) annual decline in FEF_25–75 in whole population = − 71.5 ml/s (12.25)

Mean annual decline in FEF_25–75 Lancaster = − 50 ml/s (8.5)—less polluted area

Mean Annual decline in FEF_25–75 Glendora = − 93 ml/s (8)

p < 0.05 for comparison between populations

Females: Lancaster = − 53 ml/s (7), Glendora = − 97 ml/s (6)

Males Lancaster = − 47 ml/s (10), Glendora = − 89 ml/ (10)

Marazzini et al. 1989 [32]

FEF_25–75, and FEF₂₅

Male white-collar workers. Lung function decline and smoking status

N = 85

Mean (SD) Age: 41.3 (7.4) years

Lung Function at baseline and after 6 years

Lung function decline over 6 years (L/s):

Non-smokers with no SAO:

FEF_25–75 = − 0.22 L/s, p < 0.05

FEF₂₅ = − 0.52 L/s, p < 0.05

Smokers with no SAO

FEF_25–75 = − 0.56 L/s, p < 0.05

FEF₂₅ = − 0.54 L/s, p < 0.05

Non-smokers with SAO:

FEF_25–75 = − 0.34 L/s, p < 0.05

FEF₂₅ = − 0.33 L/s, p < 0.05

Smokers with SAO:

FEF₂₅ = − 0.33 L/s, p < 0.05

^#Downs et al. 2007 [26]

FEF_25–75

Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA Study): PM10 exposure and lung function decline

N = 4742

F = 2565, 54.1%

Mean age (SD): 41.5 (11.3) years

Lung function performed at baseline and after 11 years

Decrease in annual rate of decline in FEF_25–75 for 10 μg/m³ decrease in PM10 = 16% 11.3 ml/s (95%CI 4.3–18.2) p = 0.01

Decrease in annual rate of decline in FEF_25–75 Interval Exposure of 109 μg/m³-year in PM10 = 14.0 ml/s (3.1–24.8) p = 0.01

^#Curjuric et al. 2010 [25]

FEF_25–75

SAPALDIA study: Gene polymorphisms and lung function decline due to PM10 reduction

N = 4365

F = 2309, 52.9%

Mean age (SD): 41.4 (11.3) years

Lung Function performed at baseline and after 11 years

Mean (SD) decline in FEF_25–75 over 11 years = − 0.80 (0.7) L/s

HMOX1 SNPs and related haplotypes attenuated the natural decline in FEF_25–75 in the whole study sample by 5.9 mL·s⁻¹ year⁻¹ (95% CI − 0.5–12.3). p < 0.05. A 10 μg·m⁻³ reduction in PM10 significantly attenuated annual FEF_25–75 decline by 15.3 mL·s⁻¹ in the absence of HMOX1 haplotype ATC