Table 3 Risk factors for SAO
Study | Parameter used and definition of abnormal result | Prevalence of SAO | Covariates adjusted for | Risk factors for SAO (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. 2013 [38] | FEF50 < 70% predicted | 7.5% | white cell count, diabetes, Total cholesterol, waist circumference, smoking index, second-hand smoke exposure, snoring, exercise | Diabetes: OR = 2.258 (1.042–4.890), p = 0.0039 High waist circumference: OR = 1.537 (1.023–2.310) p = 0.0039 Smoking Index > 600: OR = 4.044 (2.136–7.7656) p < 0.001 Second-hand smoke exposure: OR = 1.535 (1.060–2.224) p = 0.0023 Exercise for > 30 min per day: OR = 0.310 (0.200–0.482) p < 0.001 |
Xiao et al. 2020 [13] | 2/3 of FEF25–75, FEF50 or FEF75 < 65% predicted With otherwise normal lung function: FEV1 > 80% and FEV1/FVC > 0.7 | 28.5% | male sex, age, rural residency, smoking exposure, smokers living in the home, biomass use, PM2·5 exposure, education level, history of tuberculosis, history of pneumonia or bronchitis during childhood, chronic cough during childhood, parental history of respiratory diseases, and BMI | Pre-BD Age: (reference 20–29): 30–39 OR 1.64 (1.48–1.82), 40–49 OR 2.22 (2.01–2.05), 50–59 OR 2.55 (2.31–2.81), 60–69 OR 2.54 (2.29–2.82), > 70 OR 2.41 (2.13–2.72), p < 0.0001 Post-BD: All associations with age remain significant (p < 0.0001) Pre-BD Gender: Female OR 1.56 (1.48–1.54) p < 0.0001 Post-BD Gender: Female OR 1.54 (1.43–1.64) p < 0.0001 Pre-BD Urban residence: Urban OR 1.07 (1.02–1.13) p = 0.0062 Post-BD Urban residence: Urban OR 1.13 (1.06–1.21) p = 0.0003 Pre-BD Education level: Primary school or less OR 1.11 (1.03–1.20) p = 0.0081 Post-BD Education level: Primary school or less OR 1.24 (1.11–1.28) p < 0.0001 Pre-BD Smoking: Ever OR 1.13 (1.04–1.22) p = 0.0040 Post-BD Smoking: Ever OR 1.18 (1.05–1.32) p = 0.0041 Pre-BD Biomass use: Yes OR 1.08 (1.02–1.03) p = 0.0060 Pre-BD: Annual mean PM2.5 exposure (per 25 mg/m2): 75 and above OR 1.14 (1.04–1.24) p = 0.0049. Post-BD: OR 1.27 (1.13–1.44) p = 0.0001 Pre-BD Chronic childhood cough (age < 14 years): Frequent OR 0.87 (0.77–1.0) p = 0.044 Pre-BD Parental history of respiratory diseases: Yes OR 1.08 (1.01–1.15) p = 0.024 Pre-BD BMI: Each 5 kg/m2 difference in BMI OR 1.29 (1.22–1.37) p < 0.0001 Post-BD BMI: Each 5 kg/m2 difference in BMI OR 1.37 (1.27–1.48) p < 0.0001 |