Table 1 Sociodemographic and disease-related data of study participants pre- and post-matching
Pre-matching | Post-matching PSM | Post-matching GM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stable BMI | BMI increase | p | Stable BMI | BMI increase | p | Stable BMI | BMI increase | p | |
n | 1076 | 126 | 252 | 126 | 197 | 126 | |||
Age (SD) | 70.65 (8.85) | 63.65 (9.27) | < 0.001 | 64.27 (8.78) | 63.65 (9.27) | 0.524 | 65.49 (9.10) | 63.65 (9.27) | 0.079 |
Male (%) | 683 (63.5) | 73 (57.9) | 0.263 | 156 (61.9) | 73 (57.9) | 0.527 | 125 (63.5) | 73 (57.9) | 0.381 |
Education (%) | 0.981 | 0.885 | 0.480 | ||||||
High school | 890 (82.7) | 104 (82.5) | 201 (79.8) | 104 (82.5) | 167 (84.8) | 104 (82.5) | |||
Middle school | 89 (8.3) | 12 (9.5) | 28 (11.1) | 12 (9.5) | 20 (10.2) | 12 (9.5) | |||
Academic high school | 18 (1.7) | 2 (1.6) | 6 (2.4) | 2 (1.6) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.6) | |||
University | 17 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 7 (2.8) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.6) | |||
Other | 62 (5.8) | 6 (4.8) | 10 (4.0) | 6 (4.8) | 7 (3.6) | 6 (4.8) | |||
GOLD stage (%) | 0.243 | 0.882 | 0.843 | ||||||
GOLD stage 1 | 150 (13.9) | 25 (19.8) | 46 (18.3) | 25 (19.8) | 32 (16.2) | 25 (19.8) | |||
GOLD stage 2 | 580 (53.9) | 62 (49.2) | 134 (53.2) | 62 (49.2) | 103 (52.3) | 62 (49.2) | |||
GOLD stage 3 | 300 (27.9) | 36 (28.6) | 65 (25.8) | 36 (28.6) | 56 (28.4) | 36 (28.6) | |||
GOLD stage 4 | 46 (4.3) | 3 (2.4) | 7 (2.8) | 3 (2.4) | 6 (3.0) | 3 (2.4) | |||
BMI (SD) | 34.10 (3.73) | 36.25 (5.55) | < 0.001 | 35.79 (4.71) | 36.25 (5.55) | 0.407 | 35.03 (4.21) | 36.25 (5.55) | 0.027 |
Active smokers (%) | 234 (21.7) | 55 (43.7) | < 0.001 | 109 (43.3) | 55 (43.7) | 1.000 | 71 (36.0) | 55 (43.7) | 0.211 |
Total no. of exacerbations (5 years before) Severe exacerbations (SD) | 0.05 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.30) | 0.171 | 0.07 (0.30) | 0.08 (0.30) | 0.713 | 0.08 (0.30) | 0.08 (0.30) | 0.925 |
Medium exacerbations (SD) | 0.60 (1.57) | 0.51 (1.13) | 0.505 | 0.46 (1.33) | 0.51 (1.13) | 0.752 | 0.42 (1.07) | 0.51 (1.13) | 0.464 |
Sleep apnea (%) | 123 (11.4) | 22 (17.5) | 0.069 | 40 (15.9) | 22 (17.5) | 0.806 | 29 (14.7) | 22 (17.5) | 0.616 |
Comorbidities (5 years before) Myocardial infarction | 45 (4.2) | 3 (2.4) | 0.461 | 8 (3.2) | 3 (2.4) | 0.914 | 5 (2.5) | 3 (2.4) | 1.000 |
Congestive heart failure | 251 (23.3) | 34 (27.0) | 0.422 | 66 (26.2) | 34 (27.0) | 0.967 | 51 (25.9) | 34 (27.0) | 0.929 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 197 (18.3) | 22 (17.5) | 0.911 | 46 (18.3) | 22 (17.5) | 0.962 | 28 (14.2) | 22 (17.5) | 0.529 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 162 (15.1) | 9 (7.1) | 0.023 | 19 (7.5) | 9 (7.1) | 1.000 | 16 (8.1) | 9 (7.1) | 0.914 |
Rheumatic disease (%) | 60 (5.6) | 8 (6.3) | 0.880 | 14 (5.6) | 8 (6.3) | 0.938 | 9 (4.6) | 8 (6.3) | 0.657 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 19 (1.8) | 3 (2.4) | 0.892 | 6 (2.4) | 3 (2.4) | 1.000 | 4 (2.0) | 3 (2.4) | 1.000 |
Mild liver disease | 266 (24.7) | 25 (19.8) | 0.271 | 52 (20.6) | 25 (19.8) | 0.964 | 43 (21.8) | 25 (19.8) | 0.774 |
Diabetes mellitus (uncomplicated) | 413 (38.4) | 52 (41.3) | 0.594 | 115 (45.6) | 52 (41.3) | 0.487 | 70 (35.5) | 52 (41.3) | 0.358 |
Diabetes mellitus (complicated) | 202 (18.8) | 23 (18.3) | 0.983 | 45 (17.9) | 23 (18.3) | 1.000 | 29 (14.7) | 23 (18.3) | 0.492 |
Renal disease | 137 (12.7) | 17 (13.5) | 0.920 | 34 (13.5) | 17 (13.5) | 1.000 | 27 (13.7) | 17 (13.5) | 1.000 |
Cancer | 95 (8.8) | 8 (6.3) | 0.440 | 19 (7.5) | 8 (6.3) | 0.832 | 10 (5.1) | 8 (6.3) | 0.812 |
VAS | 55.06 (19.76) | 49.46 (20.64) | 0.003 | 54.64 (19.97) | 49.46 (20.64) | 0.019 | 56.37 (20.10) | 49.46 (20.64) | 0.003 |
EQ-5D-5L Mobility (SD) | 2.59 (1.09) | 2.81 (1.11) | 0.032 | 2.53 (1.09) | 2.81 (1.11) | 0.019 | 2.43 (1.07) | 2.81 (1.11) | 0.002 |
Self-care (SD) | 1.76 (1.02) | 2.00 (1.19) | 0.013 | 1.69 (1.00) | 2.00 (1.19) | 0.009 | 1.64 (0.89) | 2.00 (1.19) | 0.002 |
Usual activities (SD) | 2.42 (1.11) | 2.70 (1.13) | 0.009 | 2.40 (1.13) | 2.70 (1.13) | 0.018 | 2.34 (1.06) | 2.70 (1.13) | 0.004 |
Pain/discomfort (SD) | 2.75 (0.99) | 2.88 (1.09) | 0.180 | 2.81 (1.00) | 2.88 (1.09) | 0.549 | 2.67 (0.96) | 2.88 (1.09) | 0.069 |
Anxiety/depression (SD) | 1.93 (1.05) | 2.27 (1.12) | 0.001 | 1.98 (1.07) | 2.27 (1.12) | 0.014 | 1.97 (1.07) | 2.27 (1.12) | 0.016 |
CAT Cough | 2.65 (1.16) | 2.76 (1.17) | 0.298 | 2.56 (1.12) | 2.76 (1.17) | 0.097 | 2.64 (1.14) | 2.76 (1.17) | 0.372 |
Phlegm | 2.67 (1.24) | 2.61 (1.26) | 0.640 | 2.64 (1.23) | 2.61 (1.26) | 0.837 | 2.73 (1.21) | 2.61 (1.26) | 0.394 |
Chest tightness | 2.17 (1.30) | 2.22 (1.32) | 0.644 | 2.11 (1.33) | 2.22 (1.32) | 0.426 | 2.17 (1.26) | 2.22 (1.32) | 0.735 |
Breathlessness | 3.75 (1.17) | 3.98 (1.12) | 0.029 | 3.73 (1.18) | 3.98 (1.12) | 0.046 | 3.72 (1.16) | 3.98 (1.12) | 0.047 |
Home activities | 2.60 (1.39) | 2.91 (1.35) | 0.015 | 2.50 (1.42) | 2.91 (1.35) | 0.008 | 2.48 (1.35) | 2.91 (1.35) | 0.005 |
Confidence leaving home | 1.62 (1.39) | 1.92 (1.48) | 0.024 | 1.49 (1.34) | 1.92 (1.48) | 0.005 | 1.49 (1.31) | 1.92 (1.48) | 0.006 |
Soundness of sleep | 2.52 (1.37) | 2.71 (1.52) | 0.154 | 2.47 (1.40) | 2.71 (1.52) | 0.131 | 2.44 (1.33) | 2.71 (1.52) | 0.099 |
Energy level | 2.88 (1.14) | 3.15 (1.27) | 0.011 | 2.85 (1.15) | 3.15 (1.27) | 0.021 | 2.91 (1.10) | 3.15 (1.27) | 0.065 |
CAT score (SD) | 20.84 (7.55) | 22.27 (8.04) | 0.046 | 20.35 (7.62) | 22.27 (8.04) | 0.024 | 20.59 (7.30) | 22.27 (8.04) | 0.052 |
Severe exacerbation year before (SD) | 0.10 (0.49) | 0.09 (0.36) | 0.786 | 0.11 (0.52) | 0.09 (0.36) | 0.646 | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.09 (0.36) | 0.223 |
Exacerbations over 4 years (SD) | 0.26 (1.03) | 0.28 (0.93) | 0.886 | 0.22 (0.81) | 0.28 (0.93) | 0.550 | 0.16 (0.66) | 0.28 (0.93) | 0.194 |
FEV1% predicted (SD) | 57.46 (22.07) | 57.05 (20.31) | 0.843 | 60.96 (24.08) | 57.05 (20.31) | 0.118 | 59.09 (23.09) | 57.05 (20.31) | 0.418 |