- Letter to the Editor
- Open Access
- Published:
A home monitoring program including real-time wireless home spirometry in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a pilot study on experiences and barriers
Respiratory Research volume 19, Article number: 105 (2018)
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), home monitoring experiences are limited, not yet real-time available nor implemented in daily care. We evaluated feasibility and potential barriers of a new home monitoring program with real-time wireless home spirometry in IPF. Ten patients with IPF were asked to test this home monitoring program, including daily home spirometry, for four weeks. Measurements of home and hospital spirometry showed good agreement. All patients considered real-time wireless spirometry useful and highly feasible. Both patients and researchers suggested relatively easy solutions for the identified potential barriers regarding real-time home monitoring in IPF.
Introduction
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, devastating disease with a poor prognosis [1]. Symptoms as increasing shortness of breath and immobility make regular hospital visits a challenge for many patients. New eHealth technologies hold great potential for research and care by facilitating real-time, frequent data collection at home. In IPF, home monitoring experiences are limited and not yet implemented in daily care. Few studies using daily handheld spirometry have been performed in patients with IPF [2, 3]. These studies showed that home spirometry in IPF is feasible, may allow for better disease prediction and decrease sample size for future trials [2, 3]. However, earlier studies using home spirometry in interstitial lung diseases used paper-based collection or central read-out of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) results [2,3,4]. This limits possibilities to control quality of measurements, or respond directly to FVC decline or non-adherence.
We assessed feasibility of a pre-developed home monitoring program in IPF [5], integrated with real-time, wireless home spirometry. Furthermore, we evaluated potential barriers and solutions for implementation of wireless home spirometry in this mostly elderly patient population.
Methods
This was a prospective pilot study at the Erasmus Medical Center in 2017. Consecutive outpatients with IPF were invited to participate. Approval of the Medical ethics committee was obtained, and participants provided written informed consent. Patients were asked to test the home monitoring program “IPF-online” (http://www.ipfonline.nl) for four weeks on a tablet. IPF-online is a secured online personal platform, following European safety regulations. The program consists of daily home spirometry, online patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at baseline and after four weeks, weekly reporting of side-effects and symptoms on visual analogue scales, an information library, medication coach and eConsultations. The bluetooth-enabled spirometer (MIR Spirobank Smart, Italy) transmits data real-time via a secure encrypted connection, enabling patients and healthcare providers to access data directly (Fig. 1). The system generates email alerts when patients report bothersome side-effects or FVC declines > 10% for three consecutive days. If patients fail to perform spirometry or record symptoms, they receive a reminder. Incorporated PROMs are King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease health status questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Euroqol 5D-5 L and an evaluation questionnaire [6,7,8]. At start, patients received standardized instructions about the correct use of home spirometry and the different components of the online tool. Patients were considered trained when they were able to perform three good, reproducible FVC measurements, with less than 150 ml difference in the two highest FVCs. Before start of the study, potential barriers of the system were identified based on literature and own experiences. At baseline, potential barriers were discussed with patients. After four weeks, their experiences and suggestions were evaluated. Furthermore, patients performed hospital spirometry at baseline and after four weeks.
a Daily FVC in % predicted of one patient during two weeks. A star on top of the bar corresponds with a forced expiration > 6 s, and is intended as extra motivation for patients. b Two examples of flow volume loops including daily remarks/advices
Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare home with hospital spirometry, Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used to compare baseline with follow-up scores. Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (range).
Results
Of 12 patients invited to participate, 10 patients were included (9 men), with a mean age of 71 years (5). All patients were on disease-modifying medication (60% nintedanib, 40% pirfenidone). The mean FVC was 3.28 L (1.04) or 79% of predicted (16).
Reliability of home spirometry
Measurements of home and hospital spirometry for FVC (r = 0.94 (p < 0.001)) and FEV1 (r = 0.97 (p < 0.001)) were highly correlated, and a Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement (Fig. 2). Median difference between hospital and home spirometry was 0.22 L (0.01-0.69 L) with overall lower readings for home spirometry. To evaluate within-subject reproducibility, the median SD for 28 measurements was calculated (0.13 L (0.05 -0.39 L)). The median coefficient of variation was 3.76% (3-12%).
Bland-Altman plot comparing hospital and home spirometry. The value for hospital FVC is the mean of the hospital-based FVC at baseline and after four weeks. The value for home spirometry is the mean of 28 home FVC readings. The solid line represents the mean difference and the dashed lines 95% limits of agreement (− 0.61 to 0.90 L).* This patient did not use the mouthpiece correctly leading to more variable and higher readings compared to hospital spirometry
Feasibility and potential barriers of home spirometry in patients with IPF
The vast majority of patients considered daily spirometry easy (80%) and not burdensome at all (90%), the other patients were neutral. The mean adherence to home spirometry was 98.8% (2.5). Most patients (80%) found it pleasant to see their FVC results, 20% was neutral. All patients considered real-time spirometry useful and would recommend it to others, 90% wished to continue home monitoring after the pilot: “It helps me feel more in control”, “I like to monitor my own disease and be monitored” and “I hope this program can replace outpatient clinic visits in the future”. Daily home monitoring did not lead to higher anxiety levels (HADS anxiety score at baseline 4.5, score after 4 weeks 4.3, p = 0.57), and quality of life remained stable (K-BILD total score at baseline 59.2, score after 4 weeks 60.3, p = 0.65). Table 1 provides a comprehensive overview of potential barriers, experiences and solutions for use of the home monitoring system.
Discussion
This pilot study shows that a home monitoring program integrated with real-time wireless home spirometry is feasible in patients with IPF. In line with other studies, home-based measurements were slightly lower than hospital-based FVC, which may partly be equipment-related, but also effort-related [2, 4]. We tried to minimize the risk for ‘underperforming’ at home by motivating patients through graphically displaying their personal target value and prior results, a six seconds countdown and advices to technically improve the measurements. However, home and hospital readings are highly correlated and the relative variability of home-based FVC is low, indicating that home spirometry is a reliable tool to monitor patients at a distance. In a patient population with progressive breathlessness and decreasing mobility this enables close monitoring, while lowering the burden of hospital visits, especially in countries with long distances to the hospital. Moreover, real-time uploading of results and automated email alerts not only allow quality review of measurements, it also enables real-time detection of FVC decline. For example, we already observed a decrease in FVC two days before a patient reported symptoms of a respiratory tract infection. Early detection may potentially improve efficiency and quality of care for patients. Besides spirometry, patients also recorded symptoms and validated questionnaires online, which could be important additional features for future studies.
All patients in our study supported the usefulness of home monitoring, and appreciated being actively involved in monitoring their disease. One patient experienced technical problems with spirometry, highlighting the importance of good instruction. No effects on anxiety or quality of life were observed, however, we believe that the duration of the study is too short to draw definite conclusions on this. We found no major barriers regarding use of real-time wireless home spirometry; relatively easy solutions were suggested by patients and investigators for potential issues.
A limitation of this study is that it is a single center study, with 10 out of 12 consecutive patients willing to participate. In the Netherlands, use of internet amongst elderly people is rather high, however, also in other countries internet use among people over the age of 65 is steadily growing [9]. With worldwide increasing internet use and technological advances, we envision that relatively simple and low-cost systems like this, will facilitate access to care and research for a wider group of patients, also in remote areas and lower socio-economic settings. Further limitations of this pilot are the small sample size and short duration. Although this was sufficient to evaluate reliability and potential barriers of a home monitoring program with real-time wireless home spirometry, larger studies are required to assess whether it improves care, allows for earlier detection of exacerbations, and enhances data collection in clinical trials.
Conclusion
A home monitoring program including wireless home spirometry, is highly feasible and appreciated by patients with IPF, and enables real-time detection of change in FVC and PROs facilitating personalized care.
Abbreviations
- FVC:
-
Forced Vital Capacity
- IPF:
-
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- PROs:
-
Patient Reported Outcomes
References
- 1.
Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, Colby TV, Cordier JF, Flaherty KR, Lasky JA, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:788–824.
- 2.
Russell AM, Adamali H, Molyneaux PL, Lukey PT, Marshall RP, Renzoni EA, Wells AU, Maher TM. Daily home spirometry: an effective tool for detecting progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194:989–97.
- 3.
Johannson KA, Vittinghoff E, Morisset J, Lee JS, Balmes JR, Collard HR. Home monitoring improves endpoint efficiency in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(1). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02406-2016.
- 4.
Broos CE, Wapenaar M, Looman CWN, In 't Veen J, van den Toorn LM, Overbeek MJ, Grootenboers M, Heller R, Mostard RL, Poell LHC, et al: Daily home spirometry to detect early steroid treatment effects in newly treated pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02089-2017.
- 5.
Moor CC, van Manen MJG, Tak NC, van Noort E, Wijsenbeek MS. Development and feasibility of an eHealth-tool for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(3). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02508-2017.
- 6.
Patel AS, Siegert RJ, Brignall K, Gordon P, Steer S, Desai SR, Maher TM, Renzoni EA, Wells AU, Higginson IJ, Birring SS. The development and validation of the King's brief interstitial lung disease (K-BILD) health status questionnaire. Thorax. 2012;67:804–10.
- 7.
Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy. 1996;37:53–72.
- 8.
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–70.
- 9.
Eurostat Internet access and use statistics - households and individuals. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Internet_access_and_use_statistics_-_households_and_individuals. Accessed 21 May 2018.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the patients who collaborated with us in this study for their valuable input and suggestions to enhance the home monitoring program.
Funding
This study was supported by a grant from the Erasmus MC Thorax Foundation. Hoffman la Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim provided an unrestricted grant for software development. None of them had any influence on the design, content and conduct of the study.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author information
Affiliations
Contributions
All authors were involved in the design of the study and data collection. CM and MSW analysed and the data and drafted the manuscript, MW, JM, JG and PP revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to M. S. Wijsenbeek.
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Approval of the Medical ethics committee of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam was obtained (MEC-2017-388), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Competing interests
CM, MW, JM, JG and PC declare no conflicts of interest. MSW reports grants from Erasmus MC Thorax Foundation, Hoffman- la Roche, and Boehringer – Ingelheim related to the submitted work, and other from Galapagos, outside the submitted work.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
About this article
Cite this article
Moor, C.C., Wapenaar, M., Miedema, J.R. et al. A home monitoring program including real-time wireless home spirometry in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a pilot study on experiences and barriers. Respir Res 19, 105 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0810-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Keywords
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- eHealth
- Home monitoring
- Spirometry
