Schoenborn CA, Gindi RM. Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;217:1–8.
Google Scholar
Health UDo, Services H. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. In: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2016.
Google Scholar
Fuoco FC, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Vigo P. Influential parameters on particle concentration and size distribution in the mainstream of e-cigarettes. Environ Pollut. 2014;184:523–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manigrasso M, Buonanno G, Fuoco FC, Stabile L, Avino P. Aerosol deposition doses in the human respiratory tree of electronic cigarette smokers. Environ Pollut. 2015;196:257–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Azzopardi D, Patel K, Jaunky T, Santopietro S, Camacho OM, McAughey J, Gaça M. Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2016;26:477–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Taylor M, Carr T, Oke O, Jaunky T, Breheny D, Lowe F, Gaça M. E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2016;26:465–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moses E, Wang T, Corbett S, Jackson GR, Drizik E, Perdomo C, Perdomo C, Kleerup E, Brooks D, O’Connor G. Molecular impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium. Toxicol Sci. 2016;155:248–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheffler S, Dieken H, Krischenowski O, Aufderheide M. Cytotoxic evaluation of e-liquid aerosol using different lung-derived cell models. Int J Environ Public Health. 2015;12:12466–74.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Scheffler S, Dieken H, Krischenowski O, Förster C, Branscheid D, Aufderheide M. Evaluation of e-cigarette liquid vapor and mainstream cigarette smoke after direct exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Environ Public Health. 2015;12:3915–25.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, Bennett MB, Brown SE. Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols. Int J Environ Public Health. 2014;11:11325–47.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zuo YY, Veldhuizen RAW, Neumann AW, Petersen NO, Possmayer F. Current perspectives in pulmonary surfactant--inhibition, enhancement and evaluation. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr. 1778;2008:1947–77.
Google Scholar
Avery ME, Mead J. Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1959;97:517–23.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kurashima K, Fujimura M, Matsuda T, Kobayashi T. Surface activity of sputum from acute asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care. 1997;155:1254–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Günther A, Siebert C, Schmidt R, Ziegler S, Grimminger F, Yabut M, Temmesfeld B, Walmrath D, Morr H, Seeger W. Surfactant alterations in severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiogenic lung edema. Am J Respir Crit Care. 1996;153:176–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Lusuardi M, Capelli A, Carli S, Tacconi M, Salmona M, Donner C. Role of surfactant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: therapeutic implications. Respiration. 1992;59:28–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bloom BT, Kattwinkel J, Hall RT, Delmore PM, Egan EA, Trout JR, Malloy MH, Brown DR, Holzman IR, Coghill CH. Comparison of Infasurf (calf lung surfactant extract) to Survanta (Beractant) in the treatment and prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics. 1997;100:31–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fan Q, Wang YE, Zhao X, Loo JSC, Zuo YY. Adverse biophysical effects of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on natural pulmonary surfactant. ACS Nano. 2011;5:6410–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farnoud AM, Fiegel J. Calf lung surfactant recovers surface functionality after exposure to aerosols containing polymeric particles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2016;29:10–23.
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hu Q, Jiao B, Shi X, Valle RP, Zuo YY, Hu G. Effects of graphene oxide nanosheets on the ultrastructure and biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant film. Nano. 2015;7(43):18025–9.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kanishtha T, Banerjee R, Venkataraman C. Effect of particle emissions from biofuel combustion on surface activity of model and therapeutic pulmonary surfactants. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;22:325–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higenbottam T. Tobacco smoking and the pulmonary surfactant system. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1985;10:465–70.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Subramaniam S, Bummer P, Gairola C. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of pulmonary surfactant in rats exposed chronically to cigarefte smoke. Toxicol Sci. 1995;27:63–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bringezu F, Pinkerton KE, Zasadzinski JA. Environmental tobacco smoke effects on the primary lipids of lung surfactant. Langmuir. 2003;19:2900–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Stenger PC, Alonso C, Zasadzinski JA, Waring AJ, Jung C-L, Pinkerton KE. Environmental tobacco smoke effects on lung surfactant film organization. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr. 1788;2009:358–70.
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Wang YE, Fan Q, Zuo YY. On the low surface tension of lung surfactant. Langmuir. 2011;27:8351–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37:911–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Notter RH, Wang Z, Egan EA, Holm BA. Component-specific surface and physiological activity in bovine-derived lung surfactants. Chem Phys Lipids. 2002;114:21–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang YE, Zhang H, Fan Q, Neal CR, Zuo YY. Biophysical interaction between corticosteroids and natural surfactant preparation: implications for pulmonary drug delivery using surfactant as a carrier. Soft Matter. 2012;8:504–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Fan Q, Wang YE, Neal CR, Zuo YY. Comparative study of clinical pulmonary surfactants using atomic force microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr. 1808;2011:1832–42.
Google Scholar
Alonso C, Bringezu F, Brezesinski G, Waring AJ, Zasadzinski JA. Modifying calf lung surfactant by hexadecanol. Langmuir. 2005;21:1028–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giovenco DP, Hammond D, Corey CG, Ambrose BK, Delnevo CD. E-cigarette market trends in traditional US retail channels, 2012–2013. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;17:1279–83.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Souza NC, Caetano W, Itri R, Rodrigues CA, Oliveira ON Jr, Giacometti JA, Ferreira M. Interaction of small amounts of bovine serum albumin with phospholipid monolayers investigated by surface pressure and atomic force microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;297:546–53.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holm BA, Notter R, Finkelstein JN. Surface property changes from interactions of albumin with natural lung surfactant and extracted lung lipids. Chem Phys Lipids. 1985;38:287–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zuo YY, Tadayyon SM, Keating E, Zhao L, Veldhuizen RA, Petersen NO, Amrein MW, Possmayer F. Atomic force microscopy studies of functional and dysfunctional pulmonary surfactant films, II: albumin-inhibited pulmonary surfactant films and the effect of SP-A. Biophys J. 2008;95:2779–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farnoud AM, Fiegel J. Low concentrations of negatively charged sub-micron particles alter the microstructure of DPPC at the air-water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2012;415:320–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kaganer VM, Möhwald H, Dutta P. Structure and phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers. Rev Mod Phys. 1999;71:779.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zuo YY, Keating E, Zhao L, Tadayyon SM, Veldhuizen RA, Petersen NO, Possmayer F. Atomic force microscopy studies of functional and dysfunctional pulmonary surfactant films. I. Micro-and nanostructures of functional pulmonary surfactant films and the effect of SP-A. Biophys J. 2008;94:3549–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Davies MJ, Birkett JW, Kotwa M, Tomlinson L, Woldetinsae R. The impact of cigarette/e-cigarette vapour on simulated pulmonary surfactant monolayers under physiologically relevant conditions. Surf Interface Anal. 2017;49(7):654–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Margham J, McAdam K, Forster M, Liu C, Wright C, Mariner D, Proctor C. Chemical composition of aerosol from an e-cigarette: a quantitative comparison with cigarette smoke. Chem Res Toxicol. 2016;29:1662–78.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goel R, Durand E, Trushin N, Prokopczyk B, Foulds J, Elias RJ, Richie JP Jr. Highly reactive free radicals in electronic cigarette aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015;28:1675–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zasadzinski JA, Stenger PC, Shieh I, Dhar P. Overcoming rapid inactivation of lung surfactant: analogies between competitive adsorption and colloid stability. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1798;2010:801–28.
Google Scholar
Warriner H, Ding J, Waring A, Zasadzinski J. A concentration-dependent mechanism by which serum albumin inactivates replacement lung surfactants. Biophys J. 2002;82:835–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Anderson PJ, Wilson JD, Hiller FC. Particle size distribution of mainstream tobacco and marijuana smoke. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:202–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Subramaniam S, Whitsett J, Hull W, Gairola C. Alteration of pulmonary surfactant proteins in rats chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996;140:274–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moré JM, Voelker DR, Silveira LJ, Edwards MG, Chan ED, Bowler RP. Smoking reduces surfactant protein D and phospholipids in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10:1.
Article
Google Scholar
Teague SV, Pinkerton KE, Goldsmith M, Gebremichael A, Chang S, Jenkins RA, Moneyhun JH. Sidestream cigarette smoke generation and exposure system for environmental tobacco smoke studies. Inhal Toxicol. 1994;6:79–93.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
https://ctrp.uky.edu/. Accessed 16 Sep 2017.
Chen P, Moldoveanu S. Mainstream smoke chemical analyses for 2R4F Kentucky reference cigarette. Beitr Tabakforsch Int. 2003;20:448–58.
CAS
Google Scholar
Counts M, Hsu F, Tewes F. Development of a commercial cigarette “market map” comparison methodology for evaluating new or non-conventional cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;46:225–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roemer E, Schramke H, Weiler H, Buettner A, Kausche S, Weber S, Berges A, Stueber M, Muench M, Trelles-Sticken E. Mainstream smoke chemistry and in vitro and in vivo toxicity of the reference cigarettes 3R4F and 2R4F. Beitr Tabakforsch Int. 2014;25:316–35.
Google Scholar
Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Watson RM, Elder A, Jones R, Done D, Kurtzman R, Ossip DJ, Robinson R, McIntosh S. Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols. Environ Pollut. 2015;198:100–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, Robinson R, Rahman I. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0116732.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hoshino Y, Mio T, Nagai S, Miki H, Ito I, Izumi T. Cytotoxic effects of cigarette smoke extract on an alveolar type II cell-derived cell line. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;281:L509–16.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lannan S, Donaldson K, Brown D, MacNee W. Effect of cigarette smoke and its condensates on alveolar epithelial cell injury in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 1994;266:L92–L100.
CAS
Google Scholar
Wirtz H, Schmidt M. Acute influence of cigarette smoke on secretion of pulmonary surfactant in rat alveolar type II cells in culture. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:24–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masubuchi T, Koyama S, Sato E, Takamizawa A, Kubo K, Sekiguchi M, Nagai S, Izumi T. Smoke extract stimulates lung epithelial cells to release neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity. Am J Pathol. 1998;153:1903–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Valle RP, Wu T, Zuo YY. Biophysical influence of airborne carbon nanomaterials on natural pulmonary surfactant. ACS Nano. 2015;9:5413–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar