Fig. 3

Longitudinal analysis of the COPD interactome during exacerbations. (A, B). Comparison of beta diversity (weighted UniFrac distance) and alpha diversity (Shannon index, Mann–Whitney U-test) between stability and exacerbation samples in COPDMAP (n = 715) (A) and BCCS & BCES cohort (n = 174) (B). (C, D). Visualization of the interactomes in terms of positive and negative interactions between the most abundant taxa at stability and during exacerbation in COPDMAP (C) and BCCS & BCES (D). # denotes paraphyletic group; • denotes unclassified genus; •• denotes classified but unnamed genus. (E, F). Microbial clustering (E) and one-way ANOVA analysis of weighted UniFrac distance for beta diversity (F) between stability, exacerbation, post-therapy, and recovery in the BEAT-COPD cohort (n = 476). *** P < 0.0001 (Exacerbation-stability distance versus Stability-stability distance). (G). One-way ANOVA analysis of alpha diversity (Shannon index) between stability, exacerbation, post therapy, and recovery in BEAT-COPD cohort. (H). Visualization of the interactomes in terms of positive and negative interactions between the most abundant taxa across timepoints in BEAT-COPD cohort. (I). Venn diagram and barplot showing overlapped genera with altered degree of negative interactions (percent change of > 5%) between exacerbation versus stability across the three cohorts