Fig. 3

All-cause mortality rate by percentage BMI change according to the BMI before COPD diagnosis. The model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, residential area, income, CCI, regular MVPA, previous severe exacerbation within a year before Exam 2 (baseline), medication use (ICS, LABA, or LAMA) within 1 year before Exam 2 (baseline), pulmonary TB, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, Confidence Interval; HR, Hazard Ratio; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-2 agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic agonist; TB, tuberculosis