Fig. 2

Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality by percentage BMI change The curves represent multivariate-adjusted HRs (solid line) and 95% CIs (dashed lines) for mortality based on restricted cubic splines for percentage BMI change with knots at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of sample distribution. The reference value (diamond dot) was set as no change in BMI. The model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, residential area, income, CCI, regular MVPA, previous severe exacerbation within a year before Exam 2 (baseline), medication use (ICS, LABA, or LAMA) within 1 year before Exam 2 (baseline), pulmonary TB, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-2 agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic agonist; TB, tuberculosis