Table 2 Characteristics of pathogens in the first episode of ventilator acquired pneumonia
Study group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Overall, N = 2031 | NON-COVID-19, N = 781 | COVID-19, N = 1251 | p-value2 |
Time to infection (days) | 8 (4, 11) | 7 (4, 15) | 8 (4, 11) | > 0.9 |
Number of pathogens determining VAP | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 11 (5%) | 10 (13%) | 1 (1%) | |
1 | 139 (68%) | 45 (58%) | 94 (75%) | |
2 | 49 (24%) | 21 (27%) | 28 (22%) | |
3 | 4 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (2%) | |
Gram-negative related VAP | 167 (82%) | 67 (86%) | 100 (80%) | 0.3 |
Gram-positive related VAP | 45 (22%) | 7 (9%) | 38 (30%) | < 0.001 |
MDR-related VAP | 150 (74%) | 59 (76%) | 91 (73%) | 0.7 |
XDR-related VAP | 94 (46%) | 36 (46%) | 58 (46%) | > 0.9 |
PDR-related VAP | 3 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 0.6 |
DTR-related VAP | 84 (41%) | 32 (41%) | 52 (42%) | > 0.9 |
ESBL-related VAP | 19 (9%) | 13 (17%) | 6 (5%) | 0.005 |
Beta-lactams resistance | 174 (86%) | 67 (86%) | 107 (86%) | > 0.9 |
Carbapenem resistance | 106 (52%) | 42 (54%) | 64 (51%) | 0.7 |
Fluoroquinolones resistance | 125 (62%) | 52 (67%) | 73 (58%) | 0.2 |
Colistin resistance | 20 (10%) | 13 (17%) | 7 (6%) | 0.010 |
CR-Ab | 55 (27%) | 9 (12%) | 46 (37%) | < 0.001 |
CR-KPC | 48 (24%) | 27 (35%) | 21 (17%) | 0.004 |
MRSA | 12 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 10 (8%) | 0.13 |
E. coli ESBL | 7 (3.4%) | 5 (6.4%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.11 |
Aspergillus spp. | 3 (1%) | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (2%) | 0.86 |