Fig. 2
From: Novel insights and new therapeutic potentials for macrophages in pulmonary hypertension
Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages exposed to hypoxia and inflammation. Both HIF-1α and HIF-2α were increased by hypoxia, leading to different responses in macrophages. Glycolysis usually characterizes M1 macrophages and suppresses M2 polarization, while HIF-2α promotes cell survival and the expression of specific cytokines, such as IL-6. Circulating cytokines such as IL-4, and SIRT1 can also affect metabolic reprogramming in macrophages by activating or inhibiting mTOR signalling