Table 3 Population attributable fraction (PAF) of breathlessness related to underlying medical conditions by order of magnitude
Condition | PAF | 95% confidence interval |
|---|---|---|
Overweight and obesity | 62.9% | 59.6–66.0% |
Stress | 60.2% | 31.6–76.8% |
Respiratory disease | 29.1% | 20.1–37.1% |
Asthma | 11.9% | 9.8–14.0% |
Chronic airflow limitation | 10.5% | 7.6–13.4% |
Chronic bronchitis | 7.4% | 5.7–9.1% |
Emphysema (on HRCT) | 5.1% | 1.3–8.6% |
Chronic rhinosinuitis | 2.7% | 0–5.5% |
Restrictive spirometry pattern | 3.0% | 1.9–4.2% |
Other respiratory disease | 3.1% | 2.1–4.1% |
Depression | 22.0% | 17.1–26.6% |
Cardiac disease | 9.5% | 6.3–12.7% |
Coronary artery stenosis | 3.2% | 1.8–4.6% |
Ischemic heart disease | 2.7% | 1.5–4.0% |
Myocardial infarction | 2.3% | 1.1–3.5% |
CABG/PCI | 1.1% | 0.1–2.1% |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 2.4% | 1.0–3.8% |
Heart failure | 2.1% | 0.9–3.2% |
Valvular disease | 1.7% | 0.1–3.3% |
CAC | 4.3% | 0.4–7.9% |
Anemia | 2.0% | 0.8–3.3% |
Peripheral arterial disease | 0.5% | 0.3–0.8% |