Tobacco use, self-reported professional dental cleaning habits, and lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis are associated with bronchial and lung microbiome alpha diversity

Table 1 Subject baseline characteristics

	Non-COPD (N = 8)	COPD (N = 36)	Overall (N = 44)	p value^*
Gender, Male (%)	8 (100)	34 (94.4)	42 (95.5)	1.00
Age, median (IQR)	68.5 (6)	67 (9)	67 (9)	0.953
Race, Caucasian white (%)	7 (87.5)	34 (94.4)	41 (93.2)	0.461
Diabetes, Yes (%)	1 (12.5)	3 (8.3)	4 (9.1)	0.566
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Yes (%)	4 (50)	17 (47.2)	21 (47.7)	1.00
COPD Severity (%)
Mild	0 (0)	20 (55.6)
Moderate	0 (0)	14 (38.9)
Severe	0 (0)	2 (5.6)
FEV₁% predicted, median (IQR)	91.65 (25.45)	80.25 (20.75)	82 (20.25)	0.038
Inhaled corticosteroids, Yes (%)	0 (0)	2 (5.6)	2 (4.5)	1.00
Pack-years of smoking, median (IQR)^a	25 (35.5)	49.5 (21.25)	46.5 (30)	0.018
Current tobacco use, Yes (%)	1 (12.5)	4 (11.1)	5 (11.4)	1.00
Current alcohol use, Yes (%)	2 (25)	24 (66.7)	26 (59.1)	0.048
Last dental visit ≤ to 6 months (%)^b	3 (42.9)	12 (44.4)	15 (44.1)	1.00
Oral steroid or antibiotic use in last 2 months, Yes (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Adenocarcinoma, Yes (%)^c	5 (62.5)	21 (58.3)	26 (59.1)	1.00
Squamous cell carcinoma, Yes (%)^c	1 (12.5)	9 (25)	10 (22.7)	0.659
Large cell neuroendocrine tumor, Yes (%)	0 (0)	2 (5.6)	2 (4.5)	1.00
Metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, Yes (%)	1 (12.5)	0 (0)	1 (2.3)	0.182
Unidentified carcinoma, Yes (%)	0 (0)	1 (2.8)	1 (2.3)	1.00
No evidence of malignancy, Yes (%)	1 (12.5)	2 (5.6)	3 (6.8)	0.461
No pathologic diagnosis, Yes (%)	0 (0)	2 (5.6)	2 (4.5)	1.00

Frequencies and percentages are presented unless specified otherwise. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1% predicted, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, percent of predicted value; IQR, interquartile range.
^*A Two-Sample t test was conducted for all continuous variables and a Fisher exact test for all categorical variables.
^aOne subject was a never-smoker, all others reported current or former tobacco use.
^bTen subjects did not provide dental visit information because they were edentulous
^cOne subject had 2 independent adenocarcinomas. One subject had 3 tumors (2 adenocarcinomas and 1 squamous cell carcinoma)

ISSN: 1465-993X