Table 2 Recent therapeutic agents and target pathways in ARDS
From: Signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Therapeutic agents/effect | Target pathways | Preclinical studies | Clinical trials |
|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammation | |||
 Glycyrrhizin | TLR2 | [229] | None |
 Omeprazole | TLR3/4/7/8 | [230] | None |
 Cirsilineol | TLR4/NF-κB | [227] | None |
 Diacerein | TLR4/NF-κB | [115] | None |
 Taurine | TLR4/NF-κB | [228] | None |
 Glibenclamide | NLRP3 inflammasome | [231] | None |
 Tetracycline | NLRP3 inflammasome | [232] | NCT04079426 |
 4-hydroxynonena | NLRP3 inflammasome | [233] | None |
 Dexmedetomidine | HMGB1 | [234] | NCT04358627 |
 Calycosin | HMGB1 | [235] | None |
 Tanreqing | HMGB1 | [236] | None |
 RU.521 | cGAS-STING | [237] | None |
 H-151 | cGAS-STING | [238] | None |
 Chrysosplenol D | MAPK/NF-κB | [239] | None |
 Daphnetin | MAPK/NF-κB | [165] | None |
 Inula japonica | MAPK/NF-κB | [102] | None |
 BAP31 | MyD88/NF-κB | [240] | None |
 Schisandrin B | MyD88/NF-κB | [241] | None |
 Loganin | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [242] | None |
 Dapagliflozin | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [243] | None |
 Hederasaponin C | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [244] | None |
 Artesunate | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [245] | None |
 Syringaresinol | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [246] | None |
 Simvastatin | NF-κB | [247] | ISRCTN88244364 |
 Sivelestat | NF-κB | [248] | NCT04973670 |
 Methotrexate | JAK2/STAT3 | [254] | None |
 Pterostilbene | JAK2/STAT3 | [255] | None |
 Berberine | JAK2/STAT3 | [256] | None |
 Nicotinamide | MAPK | [101] | None |
 Irigenin | MAPK | [259] | None |
 β-Caryophyllene | MAPK | [260] | None |
 Dilmapimod | MAPK | - | NCT00996840 |
 Vitamin-D | ER stress | [262] | NCT03096314 |
 AEDS | ER stress | [263] | None |
Protecting alveolar-capillary barrier function | |||
 Oxypeucedanin | PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, MAPK | [265] | None |
 Forsythiae | TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB | [266] | None |
 AL-1 | NLRP3 inflammasome | [267] | None |
 Pazopanib | MAP3K2 and MAP3K3 | [268] | None |
 Ruscogenin | TLR4/Src | [170] | None |
 Verdiperstat | Myeloperoxidase/μ-calpain/β-catenin | [269] | None |
 Blebbistatin | Wnt5a/β-catenin | [270] | None |
 Necrostatin-1 | RIPK1 | [273] | None |
 Aloperine | RIPK1/RIPK3 | [274] | None |
AFC promotion | |||
 AP301 | ENaC | [281] | NCT03567577 |
 RCTR1 | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [285] | None |
 MCTR1 | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [204] | None |
 Aldosterone | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [203] | None |
 Ursodeoxycholic acid | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [286] | None |
Anti-oxidation | |||
 Panaxydol | Nrf2/HO-1 | [291] | None |
 Melatonin | Nrf2/HO-1 | [292] | None |
 Sitagliptin | Nrf2/HO-1 | [293] | None |
 Quercetin | NOX2 | [294] | None |
 Apocynin | NOX2 | [295] | None |
 VAS2870 | NOX2 | [215] | None |
 G137831 | NOX1/4 | [296] | None |