Fig. 2
From: Microbes little helpers and suppliers for therapeutic asthma approaches
Intestinal/lung microbial axis. In the intestine, the microbiome communicates with structural and immune cells of the host via the release of microbial antigens, TLR ligands or metabolites such as SCFA or deaminotyrosine (DAT). In this process, a kind of immune system fine-tuning occurs, supporting the symbiotic community between bacteria and host. Anti-inflammatory metabolites can also enter the circulation and influence immune responses in distal parts of the body. In addition to the systemic release of metabolites, the migration of cells from the intestine to the periphery and their immunoregulatory function are also shown. This can be anti-inflammatory, but also support processes that are needed to defend against infections. Picture adapted from: Wypych TP et al. [106]