Table 1 Demographics, comorbidities and medication administration

N = 1893

N = 3901

Age (years)

41 (26–58)

71 (61–81)

< 0.01

Female sex n (%)

1288 (68)

2151 (55)

< 0.01

Race n (%)

African American/Black

669 (35)

500 (13)

< 0.01

White

770 (41)

3154 (81)

< 0.01

Other

403 (21)

220 (6)

< 0.01

Not Available*

53

27

Hispanic Ethnicity n (%)

479 (25)

234 (6)

< 0.01

BMI (kg/m²)

30 (25–37)

27 (23–34)

< 0.01

Smoking status (n)

1812

3778

< 0.01

Never n (%)

1022 (56)

287 (7)

Current n (%)

326 (18)

971 (26)

Former n (%)

464 (25)

2520 (67)

Length of Stay

2 (2–4)

4 (3–8)

< 0.01

ICU admission n (%)

267 (14)

880 (23)

< 0.01

Death during hospitalization n (%)

7 (0.4)

111 (3)

0.51

Death within a year n (%)

48 (3)

721 (18)

< 0.01

Readmission within 30 days n (%)

72 (4)

214 (6)

< 0.01

Multiple hospitalizations n (%)

386 (21)

1359 (35)

< 0.01

Comorbidities

CAD

330 (17)

2026 (52)

< 0.01

CHF

270 (14)

2011 (52)

< 0.01

Cerebrovascular disease

200 (11)

770 (20)

< 0.01

Diabetes Mellitus

739 (39)

1960 (50)

< 0.01

CKD

238 (13)

1391 (36)

< 0.01

Allergic rhinitis

497 (26)

312 (8)

< 0.01

Nasal polyposis

34 (2)

31 (0.8)

< 0.01

Lung cancer

16 (0.8)

559 (14)

< 0.01

Sleep apnea

474 (25)

1322 (34)

< 0.01

GERD

836 (44)

2033 (52)

< 0.01

Hypertension

976 (52)

3399 (87)

< 0.01

Multiple comorbidities

1133 (60)

3467 (89)

< 0.01

Medications during hospitalization

N = 1856

N = 3863

Albuterol

1481 (80)

2547 (66)

< 0.01

Theophylline

18 (1)

113 (3)

< 0.01

Antibiotic

993 (54)

3362 (87)

< 0.01

ICS

349 (19)

436 (11)

< 0.01

ICS + LABA

892 (48)

2498 (65)

< 0.01

LAMA

122 (7)

1758 (46)

< 0.01

LAMA + LABA

0

4 (0.1)

0.39

LTRA

572 (31)

512 (13)

< 0.01

Nicotine replacement

159 (9)

809 (21)

< 0.01

Systemic steroids

1433 (77)

3033 (79)

0.2527

Varenicline

0

1

1

Roflumilast

0

24

< 0.01