Table 3 Echocardiographic and electrocardiogram findings on ICU admission in patients with and without cardiac injury during ICU stay
From: Impact of sex differences on cardiac injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19
Variables | No cardiac injury (n = 79) | Cardiac injury (n = 119) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Ventilatory management at TTE examination | |||
 High-flow nasal canula oxygen therapy, n (%) | 47 (60) | 41 (34) | < 0.01 |
 Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 4 (5) | 8 (7) | 0.77 |
 Intubation, n (%) | 28 (35) | 70 (59) | < 0.01 |
 Tidal volume (mL/kg of PBW) | 5.9 (5.5–6.1) | 6.0 (5.8–6.3) | 0.07 |
 Positive end-expiratory pressure (mmHg) | 12 (12–15) | 12 10–13) | 0.02 |
 Driving pressure (mmHg) | 13 (10–15) | 13 (11–14) | 0.58 |
 Respiratory system compliance (mL/cmH2O) | 32 (28–40) | 30 (25–37) | 0.37 |
Oxygenation variables at TTE examination | |||
 PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 127 (83–167) | 121 (83–180) | 0.87 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 37 (33–40) | 37 (32–43) | 0.51 |
Hemodynamic variables at TTE examination | |||
 Heart rate (beats per minute) | 77 (68–90) | 78 (66–90) | 0.80 |
 Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 122 (114–135) | 122 (106–132) | 0.38 |
 Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 63 (59–72) | 61 (55–72) | 0.13 |
 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 85 (78–95) | 81 (74–93) | 0.12 |
 Norepinephrine, n (%) | 15 (19) | 46 (39) | < 0.01 |
 Norepinephrine dosage (µg/kg/min) | 0.10 (0.04–0.25) | 0.28 (0.10–0.31) | 0.10 |
 Dobutamine, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | NA |
 Dobutamine dosage (µg/kg/min) | 0 (0–0) | 5 (5–5) | NA |
TTE variables | |||
 LV systolic dysfunction, n (%) | 2 (3) | 25 (21) | < 0.001 |
  LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 (58–69) | 60 (50–66) | < 0.01 |
  VTI (cm) | 22 (19–26) | 21 (17–25) | 0.08 |
 Segmental wall motion abnormality, n (%) | 2 (3) | 22 (19) | < 0.01 |
 LV diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 6 (8) | 48 (40) | < 0.001 |
  E/A ratio | 0.99 (0.83–1.26) | 0.94 (0.76–1.12) | 0.09 |
  e’lateral (cm/s) | 11.0 (9.1–13.6) | 9.0 (7.0–11.0) | < 0.001 |
  e’septal (cm/s) | 9.0 (7.6–10.0) | 7.1 (6.0–9.0) | < 0.001 |
  E/e’averaged | 7.3 (6.0–8.6) | 8.6 (7.1–10.5) | < 0.001 |
  Indexed left atrial volume (mL/m2) | 21 (17–29) | 23 (16–31) | 0.24 |
 LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 15 (19) | 42 (35) | 0.02 |
 Indexed end-diastolic LV volume (mL/m2) | 45 (35–52) | 44 (34–58) | 0.59 |
 RV systolic dysfunction, n (%) | 6 (8) | 36 (30) | < 0.001 |
  Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (mm) | 22 (20–27) | 20 (17–24) | < 0.01 |
  Systolic tricuspid annular velocity (cm/s) | 15 (13–18) | 14 (12–16) | 0.06 |
  RV fractional area change (%) | 0.48 (0.43–0.55) | 0.45 (0.38–0.53) | 0.02 |
 RV/LV end-diastolic areas ratio | 0.36 (0.17–0.62) | 0.47 (0.18–0.64) | 0.37 |
 Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 27 (20–36) | 28 (22–40) | 0.45 |
 Cor pulmonale, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (6) | 0.04 |
 Significant valvulopathy, n (%) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 1.00 |
 Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 1 (1) | 8 (7) | 0.09 |
Electrocardiogram findings | |||
 Signs of LV abnormalities, n (%) | 9 (11) | 66 (56) | < 0.001 |
  Repolarization abnormalities, n (%) | 6 (8) | 44 (37) | < 0.001 |
   Inverted T waves, n (%) | 5 (6) | 32 (30) | < 0.001 |
   ST segment elevation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 9 (8) | 0.01 |
   ST segment depression, n (%) | 1 (1) | 18 (15) | < 0.01 |
  Pathological Q waves, n (%) | 2 (2) | 18 (15) | < 0.01 |
  New left branch bundle block, n (%) | 3 (4) | 10 (8) | 0.20 |
  Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 0.15 |
  Severe bradyarrhythmia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (4) | 0.06 |
 New-onset atrial arrhythmias, n (%) | 1 (1) | 10 (8) | 0.03 |
  Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 1 (1) | 9 (8) | 0.04 |
  Atrial flutter, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1.00 |
  Atrial tachycardia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
 Signs of RV strain, n (%) | 12 (15) | 23 (19) | 0.57 |
  Inverted T waves in leads V1-V4, n (%) | 2 (2) | 13 (11) | 0.03 |
  QR pattern in V1, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.52 |
  S1Q3T3 pattern, n (%) | 6 (8) | 6 (5) | 0.55 |
  New incomplete or complete right bundle branch, n (%) | 5 (6) | 9 (8) | 0.74 |