Meeting the challenges of NTM-PD from the perspective of the organism and the disease process: innovations in drug development and delivery

Table 1 Predisposing risk factors for non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease [23, 35, 41,42,43,44]

Study description	Relative risk, odds ratio or relative prevalence
Bronchiectasis	44.0–187.5
History of TB	178.3
Low bodyweight	9.1^a
Thoracic skeletal abnormalities	5.4
Lung cancer (neoplasms of larynx, trachea, and bronchus)	3.4
Immunomodulatory drugs/anti-TNF agents	1.3 (undefined) 2.2 (anti-TNF agents)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2.0–10.0
Steroid use	1.6–8.0
Rheumatoid arthritis	1.5–1.9^b
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	1.5^a–5.3^b

a. Estimated from published data. b. Hazard ratio, fully adjusted for age, sex, income, rurality, and comorbidities for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (HIV, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease). TB, tuberculosis; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Adapted from [23]

ISSN: 1465-993X