Fig. 3

Risedronate inhibited inflammation in COPD rats and mice. A The cell counts of the lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the BALF of COPD rats at week 12 and 18. B The cell counts of the lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the BALF of COPD mice. C Detection of alveolar macrophage biomarker, CD68⁺ on the lung section of COPD rats and mice treated with or without 100 µM risedronate by immunohistochemistry staining (left: normal COPD rats or mice’ lungs; right: COPD rats or mice’ lungs treated with risedronate). D The change in TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-6 stimulated by LPS in NR8383 cells treated with 100 µM risedronate, detected by ELISA (from left to right: TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-6). *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01