Fig. 2

Endothelial cell and ceramide abundance in pulmonary arteries. A Representative images of immunofluorescence performed on human lung tissue from non-smokers and smokers without COPD as well as COPD and COPD-PH individuals, staining for the endothelial cell marker CD31 (red), ceramide (green), and DAPI (blue). Each image shows a pulmonary artery. Images were captured at 20×; scale bar is 50 µm. B, C Quantification of endothelial cell abundance in (B) small pulmonary arteries and (C) the microvasculature. D, E Quantification of ceramide abundance in (D) small pulmonary arteries and (E) the microvasculature. For all graphs, each data point represents an individual; n = number of individuals in each group; horizontal lines are mean ± SEM; 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical analysis