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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

From: Sarcopenia is associated with cardiovascular risk in men with COPD, independent of adiposity

Variables

Non-sarcopenia

Sarcopenia*

P-value

(n = 606)

(n = 98)

Demographic variables

 Age, years

62.4 ± 10.9

69.7 ± 8.3

< 0.001

 Height, cm

168.1 ± 5.6

161.2 ± 5.2

< 0.001

 Weight, kg

65.9 ± 9.5

64.6 ± 10.3

0.210

 BMI, kg/m2

23.2 ± 2.7

24.8 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Smoking status

 Never

63 (10.4)

8 (8.2)

0.011

 Former

272 (44.9)

59 (60.2)

 Current

271 (44.7)

31 (31.6)

Systolic BP, mmHg

123.3 ± 16.4

130.4 ± 16.2

< 0.001

Diastolic BP, mmHg

76.1 ± 10.9

74.2 ± 8.7

0.055

Hypertension

281 (46.4)

69 (70.4)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

97 (16.4)

27 (28.7)

0.004

CKD

25 (4.1)

16 (16.3)

< 0.001

Regular exercisea

225 (37.3)

33 (33.7)

0.496

Body composition

 ASM, kg

21.0 ± 2.9

17.9 ± 2.2

< 0.001

 Sarcopenic index (ASM/BMI)

0.9 ± 0.1

0.7 ± 0.04

< 0.001

 Fat mass index, kg/m2b

5.0 ± 1.5

6.8 ± 1.7

< 0.001

 High fat mass indexc

54 (8.9)

37 (37.8)

< 0.001

 Waist circumference, cm

84.7 ± 8.0

89.5 ± 8.8

< 0.001

 Central obesityd

159 (26.3)

44 (44.9)

< 0.001

 Obesitye

150 (24.8)

40 (40.8)

0.001

Laboratory variables

 Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL

103.7 ± 26.5

105.4 ± 19.8

0.526

 Insulin, µIU/mL

9.1 ± 4.4

10.0 ± 4.2

0.054

 HOMA-IR

2.4 ± 1.5

2.7 ± 1.3

0.069

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

184.6 ± 35.6

182.3 ± 37.6

0.561

 Triglyceride, mg/dL

160.9 ± 165.1

165.5 ± 112.8

0.792

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

45.6 ± 12.0

46.0 ± 11.8

0.051

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

111.1 ± 34.3

100.6 ± 25.6

0.203

 Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.9 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

0.004

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

89.3 ± 17.8

81.1 ± 17.8

< 0.001

Spirometry

 FVC, L

4.0 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 0.6

< 0.001

 FVC, %

90.9 ± 14.0

84.1 ± 13.5

< 0.001

 FEV1, L

2.5 ± 0.6

2.0 ± 0.5

< 0.001

 FEV1, %

76.6 ± 15.9

75.8 ± 17.1

0.617

 FEV1/FVC, %

62.1 ± 8.0

61.6 ± 8.2

0.632

 FEV1 < 80% of predicted value

347 (57.3)

58 (59.2)

0.742

ASCVD

 ASCVD risk score, %

16.3 ± 11.4

27.5 ± 14.3

< 0.001

 High ASCVD riskf

187 (30.9)

68 (69.5)

< 0.001

  1. Variables are expressed as means ± standard deviations or n (%). BMI, body mass index; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; ALP, alkaline phosphate; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  2. *Sarcopenia was defined as sarcopenia index < 0.774
  3. aRegular exercise was defined as > 20 min per session and at least 3 times per week
  4. bFat mass index was calculated by dividing each participant’s fat mass (kg) by square of height (m) (kg/m2)
  5. cHigh fat mass index was defined as fat mass index ≥ 7.0 kg/m2
  6. dCentral obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm
  7. eObesity was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
  8. fHigh ASCVD risk was defined as ASCVD score > 20%
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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