Restricted spirometry and cardiometabolic comorbidities: results from the international population based BOLD study

Table 2 Meta-analysis of the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension in participants with restricted spirometry

Unadjusted				Adjusted
	OR	95% CI	I²% and p-value for between site heterogeneity	OR	95% CI	I²% and p-value for between site heterogeneity
Cardiovascular disease
Male	1.67	1.34–2.08	44%; p = 0.013	1.77	1.33–2.36	64.6%; p < 0.001
Female	1.56	1.26–1.93	41.7%; p = 0.015	1.52	1.20–1.93	43.2%; p = 0.011
Overall	1.60	1.37–1.86	47.6%; p = 0.003	1.54	1.33–1.79	35.2%; p = 0.038
Hypertension
Male	1.49	1.30–1.69	29.4%; p = 0.062	1.56	1.37–1.78	8.6%; p = 0.329
Female	1.6	1.42–1.79	18.4%; p = 0.180	1.51	1.34–1.71	13%; p = 0.260
Overall	1.53	1.40–1.66	19.7%; p = 0.164	1.50	1.39–1.63	0%; p = 0.606
Diabetes
Male	1.86	1.59–2.18	0%; p = 0.682	1.95	1.64–2.33	0%; p = 0.694
Female	1.91	1.56–2.35	44.1%; p = 0.021	1.76	1.45–2.14	26%; p = 0.145
Overall	1.98	1.71–2.29	44.7%; p = 0.008	1.86	1.59–2.17	44.9%; p = 0.008

I² values of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% were respectively considered as no, low, moderate, and high heterogeneity. The following sites could not be included in the analysis due to a low number of participants reporting comorbidity or with singularity in the data: Blantyre (Malawi) for CVD, Cotonu (Benin) for diabetes, Guangzhou (China) for diabetes, Ife (Nigeria) for CVD, diabetes and hypertension, Mumbai (India) for CVD, Nampicuan Talugtug (Philippines) for diabetes, Naryn (Kyrgyztan) for diabetes, Penang (Malaysia) for CVD, Pune (India) for CVD and diabetes, Srinagar (India) for CVD and diabetes

ISSN: 1465-993X