Optimism is associated with respiratory symptoms and functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Respiratory Research

Table 3 Association of optimism and past exacerbation history of COPD in all subjects

Severe exacerbation	Q2 vs. Q1 for optimism score		Q3 vs. Q1 for optimism score		Q4 vs. Q1 for optimism score		Optimism as a continuous variable
Severe exacerbation	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Unadjusted	0.695	0.465–1.039	0.457	0.286–0.729	0.530	0.341–0.824	0.943	0.914–0.972
DM + HB	0.686	0.454–1.036	0.462	0.289–0.748	0.525	0.330–0.835	0.941	0.911–0.971
DM + HB + HC	0.869	0.561–1.344	0.685	0.411–1.142	0.792	0.481–1.302	0.970	0.936–1.005

Exacerbation frequency	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value
Unadjusted	− 0.325	0.005	− 0.665	5.55 × 10^–7	− 0.863	6.23 × 10^–10	− 0.061	2.85 × 10^–12
DM + HB	− 0.354	0.002	− 0.756	2.32 × 10^–8	− 0.992	5.46 × 10^–12	− 0.068	1.48 × 10^–14
DM + HB + HC	− 0.088	0.457	− 0.334	0.017	− 0.542	2.69 × 10^–4	− 0.037	1.39 × 10^–4

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