Optimism is associated with respiratory symptoms and functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Koo, Hyeon-Kyoung; Hoth, Karin F.; Make, Barry J.; Regan, Elizabeth A.; Crapo, James D.; Silverman, Edwin K.; DeMeo, Dawn L.

doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01922-6

Respiratory Research

Table 2 Univariable analysis for optimism score

From: Optimism is associated with respiratory symptoms and functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Optimism score	Total (N = 1967)		Normal spirometry (N = 812)		GOLD 1 (N = 241)		GOLD 2–4 (N = 678)		PRISm (N = 236)
Optimism score	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value	Coef.	P-value
Age	0.109	< 0.001	0.107	< 0.001	0.104	0.003	0.146	< 0.001	0.154	< 0.001
Female Sex	0.296	0.173	0.632	0.049	− 0.186	0.769	0.123	0.750	− 0.222	0.730
White race	1.951	< 0.001	2.112	< 0.001	2.916	< 0.001⁵	1.653	< 0.001	1.82	0.004
BMI	− 0.006	0.722	0.061	0.026	-0.100	0.093	− 0.028	0.348	− 0.038	0.399
Marital status^a	0.440	< 0.001	1.264	< 0.001	2.127	< 0.001	1.200	0.002	1.546	0.017
Current smoking	− 2.004	< 0.001	− 2.212	< 0.001	− 0.994	0.131	− 2.076	< 0.001	− 2.156	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Depression	− 2.670	< 0.001	− 1.839	< 0.001	− 2.857	< 0.001	− 3.538	< 0.001	− 2.927	< 0.001
Anxiety	− 2.529	< 0.001	− 1.782	< 0.001	− 2.725	< 0.001	− 3.160	< 0.001	− 2.805	< 0.001
HADS-depression	− 0.804	< 0.001	− 0.724	< 0.001	− 0.871	< 0.001	− 0.887	< 0.001	− 0.697	< 0.001
HADS-anxiety	− 0.675	< 0.001	− 0.575	< 0.001	− 0.806	< 0.001	− 0.750	< 0.001	− 0.593	< 0.001
Hypertension	− 0.586	0.008	− 0.732	0.022	− 1.040	0.103	0.023	0.953	− 0.288	0.672
Diabetes	− 1.105	< 0.001	− 0.799	0.047	− 1.961	0.017	− 1.090	0.025	− 0.944	0.158
Lung function
FEV₁ (% predict)	0.020	< 0.001	0.016	0.182	− 0.025	0.408	0.020	0.075	0.008	0.826
FVC (% predict)	0.016	0.004	0.003	0.828	− 0.037	0.084	0.013	0.241	− 0.015	0.647
FEV₁/FVC	2.159	0.003	− 0.227	0.943	0.352	0.956	0.829	0.595	− 1.412	0.837
Functional status
MMRC	− 0.768	< 0.001	− 0.727	< 0.001	− 1.249	< 0.001	− 0.644	< 0.001	− 1.030	< 0.001
CAT	− 0.201	< 0.001	− 0.183	< 0.001	− 0.261	< 0.001	− 0.214	< 0.001	− 0.195	< 0.001
SGRQ	− 0.078	< 0.001	− 0.075	< 0.001	− 0.118	< 0.001	− 0.079	< 0.001	− 0.093	< 0.001
6MWD	1.98E−03	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001	0.002	0.015	0.001	0.007	0.003	< 0.001
BODE	− 0.493	< 0.001	− 0.821	< 0.001	− 1.384	< 0.001	− 0.321	< 0.001	− 1.011	< 0.001

^aMarital status: divorced, separated, never, unmarried couple status compared to married or widowed status; Optimism scores are examined as continuous variable

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