Table 1 Characteristics of study participants
|  | Normal spirometry (N = 812) | GOLD 1 (N = 241) | GOLD 2–4 (N = 678) | PRISm (N = 236) | P-value (normal vs. GOLD 2–4) | P-value (normal vs PRISm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 67.32 ± 8.07 | 71.77 ± 9.01 | 71.27 ± 8.10 | 65.27 ± 7.33 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Female sex (n, %) | 438 (53.9%) | 112 (46.5%) | 319 (47.1%) | 126 (53.4%) | 0.009 | 0.940 |
White race (n, %) | 550 (67.7%) | 184 (76.3%) | 526 (77.6%) | 120 (50.8%) |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 28.78 ± 5.88 | 26.86 ± 5.31 | 27.83 ± 6.37 | 32.05 ± 7.02 | 0.003 |  < 0.001 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.248 | 0.005 |
 Married | 349 (43.0%) | 107 (44.4%) | 276 (40.7%) | 64 (27.1%) |  |  |
 Divorced | 190 (23.4%) | 51 (21.2%) | 175 (25.8%) | 61 (25.8%) |  |  |
 Widowed | 70 (8.6%) | 38 (15.8%) | 96 (14.2%) | 33 (14.0%) |  |  |
 Separated | 23 (2.8%) | 4 (1.7%) | 13 (1.9%) | 9 (3.8%) |  |  |
 Never | 156 (19.2%) | 34 (14.1%) | 108 (15.9%) | 67 (28.4%) |  |  |
 Unmarried couple | 22 (2.7%) | 7 (2.9%) | 10 (1.5%) | 2 (0.8%) |  |  |
Current smoker | 322 (39.7%) | 92 (38.2%) | 246 (36.3%) | 118 (50.0%) | 0.119 | 0.008 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
 Hypertension | 423 (52.1%) | 137 (56.8%) | 428 (63.1%) | 158 (66.9%) |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
 Diabetes | 160 (19.7%) | 43 (17.8%) | 130 (19.2%) | 83 (35.2%) | 0.848 |  < 0.001 |
 Depression | 213 (26.2%) | 55 (22.8%) | 165 (24.3%) | 76 (32.2%) | 0.437 | 0.085 |
 Anxiety | 159 (19.6%) | 43 (17.8%) | 135 (19.9%) | 58 (24.6%) | 0.925 | 0.115 |
 HADS-depression | 2.68 ± 2.91 | 3.16 ± 3.22 | 3.85 ± 3.15 | 3.57 ± 3.27 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
 HADS-anxiety | 3.57 ± 3.43 | 3.83 ± 3.49 | 4.03 ± 3.64 | 4.55 ± 3.80 | 0.012 |  < 0.001 |
Lung function | ||||||
 FEV1 (%) | 99.45 ± 13.53 | 92.59 ± 10.47 | 51.75 ± 17.24 | 69.42 ± 8.52 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
 FVC (%) | 96.90 ± 13.22 | 108.78 ± 14.87 | 75.89 ± 17.87 | 69.94 ± 9.57 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
 FEV1/FVC | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.05 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |