Fig. 1

Microbiome in lung explants of patients with LAM compared to COPD. A Comparison of Pielou’s evenness index between lung explant specimens with > 1000 reads from COPD (n = 9) and LAM (n = 12) patients. Evaluation of alpha diversity in lung tissue samples from patients with LAM and COPD by (B) Shannon Index. Data were assessed by Wilcoxon rank sum and significant comparisons denoted by ** (P = 0.0018). C Beta-diversity analyses were performed based on Hellinger-transformation of the relative abundance data and visualized in a principal component analysis (PCA) plot. The second principal component (PC2) explained 9.1% of the variation in lung bacterial composition and distinguished microbiota differences between COPD (black circles) and LAM (red circles) samples. Extraction controls (blue circles) did not cluster independently. Data were analyzed by PERMANOVA test (P = 0.009). Bacterial sequences were classified into operational taxonomic units (OTU) and OTUs comprising > 0.1% of all individual communities in the dataset were utilized for analyses. D The top 10 represented bacteria by average rank relative abundance between LAM (white bars) and COPD (black bars) lung tissue specimens are presented