Oxygenation strategies during flexible bronchoscopy: a review of the literature

Pelaia, Corrado; Bruni, Andrea; Garofalo, Eugenio; Rovida, Serena; Arrighi, Eugenio; Cammarota, Gianmaria; Navalesi, Paolo; Pelaia, Girolamo; Longhini, Federico

doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01846-1

Respiratory Research

Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review

From: Oxygenation strategies during flexible bronchoscopy: a review of the literature

	Year	Patients enrolled	FOB performed	Study type	Clinical status	Setting	RS before FOB	RS during FOB	FOB purpose	Analgosedation strategy	Main outcomes
Antonelli M., et al. [1]	1996	8	8	Interventional	Acute	ICU	COT	NPPV	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, PaCO₂, RR, HR, intubation, mortality
Jones A.M., et al. [9]	2000	1074	2261	Observational	Chronic	Ward	None	COT	Diagnostic	Midazolam, lignocaine	O₂ saturation
Onakpoya U.U., et al. [10]	2012	61	67	Observational	Chronic	Ward	None	COT	Diagnostic	Diazepam, lignocaine	O₂ saturation
Golpe R., Mateos A. [11]	2002	44	44	Observational	ND	ND	None	COT	ND	Lignocaine	O₂ saturation
Alijanpour E., et al. [12]	2010	146	146	Observational	ND	ND	None	COT	ND	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation
Cracco C., et al. [13]	2013	169	181	Observational	Acute	ICU	COT, NPPV	COT, NPPV	Diagnostic, therapeutic	ND	Intubation, increased ventilatory support
Ghio A.J., et al. [14]	2007	12	12	Prospective randomized	Healthy volunteers	Outpatients	COT or none	COT or none	Research	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation
McCain T.W., et al. [15]	2001	97	97	Prospective randomized	Chronic	ND	COT	COT	Diagnostic	Meperidine or fentanyl, midazolam	O₂ saturation, O₂ flow rate
Miyagi K., et al. [16]	2014	5	5	Observational	Acute	ICU	COT	HFNC	Diagnostic	ND	O₂ saturation
La Combe B., et al. [17]	2016	30	30	Observational	Acute	ICU	COT	HFNC	Diagnostic	ND	O₂ saturation, dyspnea, intubation, mortality
Longhini F., et al. [18]	2021	36	36	Prospective randomized	Chronic	Outpatients	None	COT or HFNC	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, ΔEELI, DD, TF
Chung S.M., et al. [19]	2018	10	10	Observational	Acute, chronic	Ward	COT	HFNC	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Midazolam, propofol, lidocaine	O₂ saturation
Service J.A., et al. [20]	2018	182	182	Observational	Chronic	Outpatients	None	HFNC	Diagnostic	Remifentanil. propofol or midazolam	O₂ saturation
Ben-Menachem E., et al. [21]	2020	76	76	Prospective randomized	Chronic	Ward	None	COT or HFNC	Diagnostic	ND	O₂ saturation
Lucangelo U. et al. [22]	2012	45	45	Prospective randomized	Acute, chronic	Ward	None	COT or HFNC	Diagnostic	Midazolam, lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, PaO₂/FiO₂
Irfan M., et al. [23]	2021	40	40	Prospective randomized	Chronic	Ward	None	COT or HFNC	Diagnostic	ND	O₂ saturation
Douglas N., et al. [24]	2018	60	60	Prospective randomized	Chronic	ND	None	COT or HFNC	Diagnostic	Midazolam, opioids and/or propofol, lidocaine	O₂ saturation
Kim E.J., et al. [25]	2018	32	33	Observational	Acute	Ward	COT or HFNC	HFNC	Diagnostic	Midazolam, lidocaine	O₂ saturation PaO₂/FiO₂
Maitre B., et al. [26]	2000	30	30	Prospective randomized	Acute	Ward, ICU	COT	COT or CPAP	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, ventilatory assistance requirement
Antonelli M., et al. [27]	2002	26	26	Prospective randomized	Acute	ICU	COT	COT or NPPV	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	PaO₂/FiO₂, HR, MAP, intubation
Baumann H.J., et al. [28]	2011	40	40	Observational	Acute	ICU	NIV	NIV	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Midazolam, propofol, lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, PaCO₂, intubation
Korkmaz Ekren P., et al. [29]	2016	28	28	Observational	Acute	ICU	NIV	NIV	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Midazolam, lidocaine	PaO₂/FiO₂, intubation
Chiner E., et al. [30]	2010	35	35	Observational	Acute	Ward, ICU	NIPPV	NIPPV	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, RR, HR, intubation, mortality
Heunks L.M.A., et al. [31]	2010	12	12	Observational	Acute	ICU	COT	NPPV	Diagnostic	Xylocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, intubation
Antonelli M., et al. [32]	2003	4	4	Interventional	Acute	ICU	COT	NPPV	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, PaCO₂, RR, HR, MAP, intubation
Agarwal R., et al. [33]	2012	6	6	Observational	Acute	Ward	COT	NIV	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, intubation
Chen X., et al. [34]	2020	29	29	Retrospective	Acute	Ward	COT	NIV, CMV	Therapeutic	Dezocine, midazolam, lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, HR, SBP, type of procedures, success rate, procedure time
Da Conceiçao M., et al. [35]	2000	10	10	Prospective	Acute	ICU	None	NIPPV	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, PaCO₂, intubation, mortality
Mohamed A.S., El-Sharawy D.E. [36]	2018	40	20	Prospective randomized	Acute	Ward	NIV	NIV	Therapeutic	Midazolam, lidocaine	O₂ saturation
Scala R., et al. [37]	2010	30	30	Prospective	Acute	RICU, ICU	NPPV	NPPV, CMV	Diagnostic	Lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, PaCO₂, pH
Simon M., et al. [38]	2014	40	40	Prospective randomized	Acute	ICU	COT	NIV or HFNC	Diagnostic, therapeutic	Propofol, lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂/FiO₂, PaCO₂, HR, MAP, procedure time, intubation, mortality
Saksitthichok B., et al. [39]	2019	51	51	Prospective randomized	Acute	Ward or RICU	NIV or HFNC	NIV or HFNC	Diagnostic	Fentanyl, lidocaine	O₂ saturation, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, RR, HR, MAP, dyspnea

ND not defined, FOB flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, RS respiratory support, ICU intensive care unit, RICU respiratory intermediate care unit, NIV noninvasive ventilation, COT conventional oxygen therapy, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, HFNC high flow oxygen through nasal cannula, CMV conventional mechanical ventilation, PaO₂ arterial partial pressure of oxygen, FiO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen, PaCO₂ arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, RR respiratory rate, HR heart rate, ΔEELI changes of end-expiratory lung impedance, DD diaphragm displacement, TF thickening fraction, MAP mean arterial pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure

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