Fig. 1

AECOPD inpatients of IPA prediction nomogram. To use the nomogram, the values for each prediction parameter are marked. A vertical line for each mark is drawn downward to determine the points, and total points generate by adding up points of each parameter. A vertical line is followed down to the accompanying line labeled Risk of IPA. The figure on this line indicate the predicted risk that the AECOPD inpatient will develop into IPA. GOLD, pulmonary function as GOLD III–IV. Antibiotic, use utility of broad-spectrum antibiotic over 10 days in the last month. Corticosteroids, Oral or intravenous corticosteroids (equivalent prednisone) ≥ 265 mg last 3 months. Albumin, serum albumin < 30 g/L