Table 1 Characteristics of patients hospitalized with AECOPD: Overall and by diabetes status
|  | Total (N = 5334) | Diabetes (N = 572) | No diabetes (N = 4762) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 N (missing) | 5321 (13) | 570 (2) | 4751 (11) |  |
 Median (IQR) | 69.0 (63.0, 76.0) | 70.0 (64.0, 77.0) | 69.0 (63.0, 76.0) |  |
Age group | Â | Â | Â | 0.081 |
 N (missing) | 5321 (13) | 570 (2) | 4751 (11) |  |
 Age < 60 | 769 (14.5) | 63 (11.1) | 706 (14.9) |  |
 60 ≤ Age < 70 | 1956 (36.8) | 209 (36.7) | 1747 (36.8) |  |
 70 ≤ Age < 80 | 1820 (34.2) | 208 (36.5) | 1612 (33.9) |  |
 Age ≥ 80 | 776 (14.6) | 90 (15.8) | 686 (14.4) |  |
Sex, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.787 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Female | 1133 (21.2) | 119 (20.8) | 1014 (21.3) |  |
 Male | 4201 (78.8) | 453 (79.2) | 3748 (78.7) |  |
BMI, N (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 N (missing) | 5321 (13) | 570 (2) | 4751 (11) |  |
 Underweight | 886 (16.7) | 51 (8.9) | 835 (17.6) |  |
 Optimal | 2944 (55.3) | 263 (46.1) | 2681 (56.4) |  |
 Overweight | 1172 (22.0) | 180 (31.6) | 992 (20.9) |  |
 Obesity | 319 (6.0) | 76 (13.3) | 243 (5.1) |  |
Education level, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.014 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Primary school and below | 2591 (48.6) | 245 (42.8) | 2346 (49.3) |  |
 High school | 2520 (47.2) | 300 (52.4) | 2220 (46.6) |  |
 College and above | 223 (4.2) | 27 (4.7) | 196 (4.1) |  |
Smoking, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Non-smoker | 1715 (32.2) | 186 (32.5) | 1529 (32.1) |  |
 Current smoker | 1259 (23.6) | 108 (18.9) | 1151 (24.2) |  |
 Former smoker | 2360 (44.2) | 278 (48.6) | 2082 (43.7) |  |
Past and current hospitalization | ||||
Frequency of hospitalization due to AECOPD in the past 12Â months | 0.053 | |||
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 < 2 | 3785 (71.0) | 386 (67.5) | 3399 (71.4) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 1549 (29.0) | 186 (32.5) | 1363 (28.6) |  |
Frequency of emergency room visits due to AECOPD in the past 12Â months | 0.009 | |||
 N (missing) | 5327 (7) | 571 (1) | 4756 (6) |  |
 < 2 | 4032 (75.7) | 407 (71.3) | 3625 (76.2) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 1295 (24.3) | 164 (28.7) | 1131 (23.8) |  |
Hospital level, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.126 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Secondary | 626 (11.7) | 56 (9.8) | 570 (12.0) |  |
 Tertiary | 4708 (88.3) | 516 (90.2) | 4192 (88.0) |  |
ICU/RICU admission, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.268 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Yes | 83 (1.6) | 12 (2.1) | 71 (1.5) |  |
 No | 5251 (98.4) | 560 (97.9) | 4691 (98.5) |  |
Disease duration of COPD (years), N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.374 |
 N (missing) | 5272 (62) | 566 (6) | 4706 (56) |  |
 < 3 | 2310 (43.8) | 235 (41.5) | 2075 (44.1) |  |
 3–5 | 1185 (22.5) | 126 (22.3) | 1059 (22.5) |  |
 > 5 | 1777 (33.7) | 205 (36.2) | 1572 (33.4) |  |
Insurance type, N (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 No insurance | 114 (2.1) | 14 (2.4) | 100 (2.1) |  |
 Medical insurance for urban and rural residents | 2804 (52.6) | 239 (41.8) | 2565 (53.9) |  |
 Medical insurance for urban workers | 2059 (38.6) | 280 (49.0) | 1779 (37.4) |  |
 Other insurance | 357 (6.7) | 39 (6.8) | 318 (6.7) |  |
Blood gases | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 N (missing) | 2338 (2996) | 239 (333) | 2099 (2663) |  |
 PaO2 (mmHg), Median (IQR) | 69.5 (59.7, 80.0) | 70.0 (60.7, 80.0) | 69.1 (59.2, 80.0) | 0.482 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg), Median (IQR) | 42.0 (37.0, 47.3) | 41.6 (36.7, 47.3) | 42.0 (37.1, 47.3) | 0.775 |
 PH, Median (IQR) | 7.4 (7.4, 7.4) | 7.4 (7.4, 7.4) | 7.4 (7.4, 7.4) | 0.773 |
Severity and corticosteroids use | ||||
CAT score at admission, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.025 |
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 0–10 | 505 (9.5) | 68 (11.9) | 437 (9.2) |  |
 11–20 | 2253 (42.2) | 218 (38.1) | 2035 (42.7) |  |
 21–30 | 2220 (41.6) | 238 (41.6) | 1982 (41.6) |  |
 31–40 | 356 (6.7) | 48 (8.4) | 308 (6.5) |  |
GOLD stage, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.225 |
 N (missing) | 3882 (1452) | 407 (165) | 3475 (1287) |  |
 Stage 1 | 189 (4.9) | 12 (2.9) | 177 (5.1) |  |
 Stage 2 | 1176 (30.3) | 120 (29.5) | 1056 (30.4) |  |
 Stage 3 | 1611 (41.5) | 172 (42.3) | 1439 (41.4) |  |
 Stage 4 | 906 (23.3) | 103 (25.3) | 803 (23.1) |  |
Corticosteroids use, N (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.175 |
 N (missing) | 5328 (6) | 572 (0) | 4756 (6) |  |
 Yes | 4196 (78.8) | 463 (80.9) | 3733 (78.5) |  |
 No | 1132 (21.2) | 109 (19.1) | 1023 (21.5) |  |
Comorbidity, N (%) | ||||
 N (missing) | 5334 (0) | 572 (0) | 4762 (0) |  |
 Cardiovascular diseases | 2930 (54.9) | 422 (73.8) | 2508 (52.7) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 1803 (33.8) | 319 (55.8) | 1484 (31.2) | < 0.001 |
 Respiratory diseases | 3592 (67.3) | 395 (69.1) | 3197 (67.1) | 0.355 |
 Asthma | 447 (8.4) | 71 (12.4) | 376 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
 Bronchiectasis | 671 (12.6) | 92 (16.1) | 579 (12.2) | 0.007 |
 Lung cancer | 70 (1.3) | 6 (1.0) | 64 (1.3) | 0.558 |
 Pneumonia | 1581 (29.6) | 196 (34.3) | 1385 (29.1) | 0.010 |
 Pulmonary artery hypertension | 472 (8.8) | 39 (6.8) | 433 (9.1) | 0.070 |
 Pulmonary thromboembolism | 18 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 16 (0.3) | > 0.999 |
 Digestive diseases | 192 (3.6) | 19 (3.3) | 173 (3.6) | 0.706 |
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 100 (1.9) | 11 (1.9) | 89 (1.9) | 0.928 |
 Osteoporosis | 70 (1.3) | 9 (1.6) | 61 (1.3) | 0.561 |