Role of serum periostin in severe obstructive sleep apnea with albuminuria: an observational study

Sunadome, Hironobu; Matsumoto, Hisako; Tachikawa, Ryo; Matsumoto, Takeshi; Tanizawa, Kiminobu; Oga, Toru; Ono, Junya; Ohta, Shoichiro; Izuhara, Kenji; Hirai, Toyohiro; Chin, Kazuo

doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01413-0

Respiratory Research

Table 3 Characteristics of each cluster

From: Role of serum periostin in severe obstructive sleep apnea with albuminuria: an observational study

Index	Cluster (n)				p-value
Index	1 (6)	2 (30)	3 (52)	4 (8)	All cluster	3 vs. 4
Age, years	47 ± 9	63 ± 9	59 ± 12	63 ± 8	0.01	0.33
Sex, male/female, n	6/0	23/7	40/12	5/3	0.43	0.38
Smoking, current/others, n	3/3	9/21	7/45	2/6	0.11	0.39
BMI, kg/m²	29.6 ± 2	27.1 ± 3.1	27.4 ± 4.6	30 ± 5.2	0.26	0.24
AHI, events/h	33 ± 33	29 ± 17	39 ± 20	51 ± 18	< 0.01	0.08
Severity of OSA^a, mild–moderate/severe, n	5/1	22/8	15/37	1/7	< 0.01	0.33
CT₉₀, %	12.7 ± 25.3	13.3 ± 19.1	12.3 ± 16.4	18.5 ± 21.1	0.85	0.22
Lowest oxygen saturation, %	76.5 ± 12.5	80.5 ± 7.3	79.2 ± 8.0	73.3 ± 9.5	0.14	0.1
3% ODI, events/h	31.2 ± 33.8	28.2 ± 17.3	35.6 ± 19.6	50.6 ± 19.7	0.04	0.06
High ODI^b, +/−, n	1/5	9/21	31/21	7/1	< 0.01	0.13
Arousal index, events/h	21.5 ± 10.9	29.4 ± 13.9	40.6 ± 19.4	37.8 ± 19.1	0.03	0.66
Serum periostin, ng/mL	48.2 ± 14.7	67.1 ± 19.7	66.5 ± 21.8	87.1 ± 32.3	0.04	0.05
Serum periostin, high/low^c, n	0/6	7/23	8/44	4/4	0.07	0.02
Blood eosinophils, /μL	204 (99–334)	202 (159–355)	225 (124–317)	245 (165–288)	0.86	0.68
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	228 ± 39	186 ± 32	195 ± 31	215 ± 41	0.03	0.11
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL	44 ± 10	52 ± 13	55 ± 16	53 ± 14	0.27	0.69
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL	155 ± 33	107 ± 34	117 ± 25	126 ± 20	< 0.01	0.36
Triglycerides, mg/dL	190 ± 74	177 ± 75	152 ± 110	263 ± 266	0.05	0.04
Free fatty acids, mg/dL	409 ± 103	535 ± 177	460 ± 147	577 ± 151	0.03	0.04
Blood glucose, mg/dL	96 ± 14	112 ± 26	92 ± 11	130 ± 45	< 0.01	< 0.01
Hemoglobin A1c, %	5.8 ± 0.4	6.8 ± 1.0	5.8 ± 0.4	7.2 ± 1.1	< 0.01	< 0.01
Dyslipidemia, +/−, n	5/1	26/4	26/26	5/3	< 0.01	0.16
Diabetes mellitus, +/−, n	0/6	21/9	0/52	5/3	< 0.01	< 0.01
Hypertension, +/−, n	2/4	25/5	24/28	7/1	< 0.01	0.03
Urinary albumin–creatinine ratio^d, mg/g	30.5 ± 5.5	6.4 ± 3.7	4.7 ± 2.7	228.3 ± 322.3	< 0.01	< 0.01
Albuminuria^e, macro/micro/−, n	0/6/0	0/0/30	0/0/52	2/6/0	< 0.01	< 0.01
History of coronary artery disease, +/−, n	0/6	2/28	4/48	0/8	0.77	0.42
History of stroke, +/−, n	1/5	0/30	3/49	1/7	0.25	0.48
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, +/−, n	0/6	1/29	1/51	0/8	0.91	0.69
Asthma, +/−, n	1/5	0/30	1/51	2/6	< 0.01	0.01
Allergic rhinitis, +/−, n	0/6	4/26	11/41	1/7	0.51	0.57

Baseline data are presented as mean ± SD or numbers, except for eosinophils, which are presented as median (range)
^aSeverity of OSA was defined on the basis of the AHI, as follows: mild, ≥5 to < 15; moderate, ≥15 to < 30; or severe, AHI ≥30. ^bDefined as 3% ODI ≥30.2/h, which was equivalent to the top 50% of all participants. ^cDefined as serum periostin ≥87 ng/mL, the highest quintile. ^dDefined as urine albumin/creatinine. ^eA urinary albumin–creatinine ratio of ≥300 mg/g in men and women was considered as macroalbuminuria, and a value of ≥20 mg/g in men or ≥ 30 mg/g in women was considered as microalbuminuria
BMI body mass index, AHI apnea–hypopnea index, CT₉₀ cumulative percentage of sleep time with percutaneous oxygen saturation < 90%, ODI oxygen desaturation index

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