Fig. 3

Dot plots of immunological mediator concentrations for asthma, COPD, ACO and healthy controls (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17E, GM-CSF, IL-18, NGAL, IL-5, IL-10, MCP-1, YKL-40, IFN-γ, IL-6 and TGF-β) which were significantly dysregulated in ACO with respect to asthma, COPD and controls. Each graph represents the concentration of a particular immunological mediator in the serum of the patients belonging to the four groups of the discovery cohort. The scatter dot plot shows the mean and standard deviation. Notes: ns – not significant, * p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, **p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001. Abbreviations: ACO-Asthma COPD overlap, COPD- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TNF α- Tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β-Interleukin 1β, GM-CSF-Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, NGAL-Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, MCP 1-Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, YKL 40-Chitinase-3-like protein 1, IFN γ-Interferon γ, TGF β- Transforming growth factor β