Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to PPC development (n = 488)
All (n = 488) | No PPCs (n = 436) | PPCs (n = 52) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 73 (71–76) | 73 (71–75) | 73 (71–76) | 0.427 |
Sex, male | 233 (47.7) | 198 (45.4) | 35 (67.3) | 0.003 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.1–25.9) | 24.2 (22.2–26.1) | 23.3 (20.7–25.1) | 0.007 |
Smoking status | 0.013 | |||
Current smoker | 160 (32.8) | 134 (30.8) | 26 (50.0) | |
Former smoker | 51 (10.5) | 45 (10.3) | 6 (11.5) | |
Never smoker | 276 (56.6) | 256 (58.9) | 20 (38.5) | |
ASA classification | 0.021 | |||
1 | 32 (6.6) | 31 (7.1) | 1 (1.9) | |
2 | 433 (88.7) | 388 (89.0) | 45 (86.5) | |
≥ 3 | 23 (4.7) | 17 (3.9) | 6 (11.5) | |
Comorbidity | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 105 (21.5) | 95 (21.8) | 10 (19.2) | 0.806 |
Hypertension | 257 (52.7) | 230 (52.8) | 27 (51.9) | 0.999 |
Congestive heart failure | 3 (0.6) | 3 (0.7) | 0 | 0.999 |
Ischemic heart disease | 37 (7.6) | 33 (7.6) | 4 (7.7) | 0.999 |
Atrial fibrillation | 21 (4.3) | 19 (4.4) | 2 (3.8) | 0.999 |
Previous cancer history | 86 (17.6) | 72 (16.5) | 14 (26.9) | 0.095 |
Double primary cancer | 42 (8.6) | 37 (8.5) | 5 (9.6) | 0.990 |
Laboratory finding | ||||
Serum hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.0 (12.3–14.0) | 13.6 (12.6–14.5) | 12.5 (11.6–14.3) | 0.065 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 (4.1–4.5) | 4.3 (4.0–4.5) | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | 0.614 |
Pulmonary function test | ||||
FVC (% pred) | 92 (85–100) | 90 (84–98) | 89 (83–96) | 0.061 |
FEV1 (% pred) | 101 (93–110) | 100 (92–109) | 99 (91–109) | 0.579 |
FEV1/FVC | 76 (73–79) | 75 (72–77) | 76 (72–78) | 0.430 |
DLCO (% pred) (N = 388) | 111 (104–118) | 111 (104–119) | 108 (107–113) | 0.869 |
CT finding | ||||
Interstitial lung abnormality (%) | 1.38 (4.14) | 1.19 (3.57) | 2.92 (7.22) | 0.004 |
Emphysema index (%) | 2.49 (7.61) | 2.16 (6.97) | 5.21 (11.4) | 0.006 |
Superimposed infection | 42 (8.6) | 38 (8.7) | 4 (7.7) | 0.999 |
Mosaic attenuation | 95 (19.5) | 87 (20.0) | 8 (15.4) | 0.548 |
Bronchial wall thickening | 15 (3.1) | 14 (3.2) | 1 (1.9) | 0.933 |
Bronchiectasis | 111 (22.7) | 101 (23.2) | 10 (19.2) | 0.642 |
Diameter of MPA | 28.0 (3.64) | 28.0 (3.66) | 27.8 (3.51) | 0.637 |
Diameter of AA | 39.0 (4.08) | 39.1 (4.14) | 38.1 (3.45) | 0.092 |
Diameter of MPA to AA > 1 | 3 (0.6) | 3 (0.7) | 0 | 0.999 |