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Table 2 Major structural and functional imaging-based variables in four imaging-based clusters and heathy subjects

From: Imaging-based clusters in current smokers of the COPD cohort associate with clinical characteristics: the SubPopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS)

Variable

Region

Wilk’s

λ value

Cluster 1

(N = 96)

Cluster 2

(N = 45)

Cluster 3

(N = 88)

Cluster 4

(N = 55)

P value

Healthy subjects

(N = 130)

fSAD%

Total

0.28

4.6

(5.4)

8.4

(8.2)

12.3

(6.9)

34.9

(7.9)

< 0.0001

4.4

(5.2)

Jacobian

Total

0.145

2.09

(0.266)

1.496

(0.218)

1.671

(0.168)

1.353

(0.136)

< 0.0001

2.082

(0.41)

βtissue

Total

0.107

0.127

(0.02)

0.162

(0.031)

0.117

(0.017)

0.095

(0.019)

< 0.0001

0.119

(0.027)

WT*

sRML

0.086

0.599

(0.036)

0.615

(0.047)

0.557

(0.035)

0.563

(0.043)

< 0.0001

0.588

(0.047)

ADI

RUL

0.072

0.406

(0.078)

0.314

(0.101)

0.309

(0.079)

0.22

(0.074)

< 0.0001

0.35

(0.093)

Dh*

sLLL

0.064

0.349

(0.034)

0.322

(0.048)

0.307

(0.036)

0.289

(0.04)

< 0.0005

0.339

(0.041)

Emph%

Total

0.058

2.8

(3)

2.4

(3)

4.2

(4.5)

13.5

(8.7)

< 0.0001

2.8

(3.8)

ADI

Total

0.054

0.467

(0.066)

0.332

(0.086)

0.378

(0.07)

0.269

(0.073)

< 0.0001

0.429

(0.101)

ΔVairF

LLL

0.051

0.245

(0.031)

0.207

(0.062)

0.254

(0.041)

0.273

(0.045)

< 0.0001

0.263

(0.037)

Cr

LMB

0.049

0.976

(0.009)

0.965

(0.016)

0.973

(0.012)

0.962

(0.015)

< 0.0001

0.977

(0.011)

  1. Values expressed as mean (SD). The major imaging-based variables were selected by Wilk’s λ value of a stepwise forward variable selection method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to attain P values. WT and Dh were normalized with their predicted trachea values from healthy controls denoted by WT* and Dh*. Full names of each variable or region were described in Abbreviations used