Fig. 4
From: Smoking is associated with quantifiable differences in the human lung DNA virome and metabolome
Comparison of smoker and nonsmoker BAL metabolites. a Heatmap of examined metabolites in BAL fluid. Each row shows the ion intensity for a specific metabolite. Metabolites are grouped based on metabolic pathways. Each column shows the BAL fluid metabolic profiles of smokers and nonsmokers, also identified by bacterial pneumotype as determined in [25, 26]. Progression from white to blue to yellow to red indicate increased metabolite content. Asterisks indicate significantly different metabolites between smokers and nonsmokers as assessed by Bonferroni corrected Mann-Whitney U-test (* = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001) (b) PCoA of Bray-Curtis distances between different metabolic profiles. Smoking status and bacterial and viral abundances were factor and vector fit to the PCoA plot, respectively. Blue and red ellipses represent factor fitting of smoking and nonsmoking status, respectively. Black vector arrows denote significant vector fitting of bacterial and viral populations based on 9999 permutations and following Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). The gray vector arrows denote significant vector fitting of bacterial and viral populations based on 9999 permutations and significant Mantel test results following Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). BPT = background predominant taxa, SPT = supraglottic predominant taxa