Fig. 5
From: Transforming growth factor beta1 targets estrogen receptor signaling in bronchial epithelial cells
Estrogen receptor mRNA expression is reduced in lungs of patients with severe IPF compared to healthy control subjects. a-c Gene expression of ESR1 (a), ESR2 (b), and GPER1 (c) was measured in lung tissue from patients with IPF and healthy controls by qPCR. Target gene expression was normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression and quantified as fold change to control using the relative ΔΔCq method. Box plots represent 5–95% confidence intervals and asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences compared to controls as determined by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test