Fig. 5

Associations between risk factors and the odds of receiving a COPD diagnosis using the regression coefficients from studies with multivariable regression modeling (‘adjusted analysis’) and persistent airflow limitation defined as post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC < LLN. The reference categories were female, and the absence of cough and phlegm, respectively. The results for each dataset (BOLD, PLATINO, EPI-SCAN, PREPOCOL) analyzed in Lamprecht et al. [4] were pooled separately. Squares represent individual study estimates with the size of the square corresponding to their weight in the pooled estimate (represented with diamonds).¹ Regression models were adjusted for age (Herrera, Lamprecht), sex (Herrera, Lamprecht), ethnicity (Herrera), body mass index (Herrera), education (Herrera, Lamprecht), risk factors to dust (Herrera), smoking (Herrera, Lamprecht), respiratory symptoms (Herrera, Lamprecht), COPD severity (Herrera, Lamprecht), comorbidities (Herrera), and prior health-care use (Herrera, Lamprecht)