Table 3 Observed expression of cytokines in BAL samples during ACR

IFN- γ

↑

[55]

mRNA; during early ACR only

↑

[40, 56]

mRNA

77.7%

73.6%

85.7%

88.2%

↑

[71]

Total RNA

0

[41]

mRNA

-

[72]

mRNA

TNF- α

↑

[38, 69, 74]

mRNA (experimental)

↑0

[31]

Protein

0

[41]

mRNA

↓

[96]

mRNA expressed by AM

↑

[43]

mRNA expressed by AM

0

[97]

mRNA expressed by mononuclear cells

TGF-β

-

[71]

mRNA

↓…↑

mRNA expressed by AM; dramatic increase 15 days after onset of ACR

IL-1

↑

[31]

Protein

↑

[32]

mRNA expressed by AM

IL-2

0

[55, 56]

mRNA

44.4%

40.0%

63.6%

67.7%

-

[32]

mRNA expressed by AM

IL-4

↑

[16]

mRNA

↑

[35]

mRNA expressed by CD8+ T cells

0

[34]

mRNA expressed by T cells

-

[32]

mRNA expressed by AM

IL-5

0

[98]

Protein

IL-6

↑

[38, 99]

mRNA (experimental)

↑

[16]

mRNA

↑

[40]

Protein

↑0

[31]

Protein

0

[41]

mRNA

0

[42]

Protein

↑

[32]

mRNA expressed by AM

↑0

[43, 44]

mRNA expressed by AM

IL-8

↑0

[31, 50]

Protein

0

[51]

Protein and mRNA

0

[42]

Protein

IL-10

↑

[31]

Protein

0

[55, 56]

mRNA

88.8%

41.0%

32.3%

84.6%

IL-15

↑

[32, 61]

mRNA expressed by AM

↑

[62]

Blocked IL-2 receptor

0

[41]

mRNA

IL-16

(↓)

[100]

Protein

(↑)

[41]

mRNA

IL-17

↑

[51, 66]

Protein

↑

[51]

mRNA

0

[41]

mRNA

IL-18

0

[101]

Protein

CXCL10

↑

[39, 41]

mRNA

↑

[80]

Protein