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Table 5 Patient characteristics in the groups included into or excluded from study
| Excluded | Included | Standardized difference (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 33327 | n = 12572 | ||
| Age (years), mean (sd) | 78.3 (10.7) | 78.4 (9.5) | 1.0 |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 6415 (19.2) | 2355 (18.7) | 1.3 |
| Pre-admission within180 day, n (%) | 7997 (24.0) | 2853 (22.7) | 3.1 |
| Japan Coma Scale, n (%) | 20.0 | ||
| Alert | 22972 (68.9) | 9485 (75.4) | |
| Dull | 6234 (18.7) | 2198 (17.5) | |
| Somnolence | 2006 (6.0) | 529 (4.2) | |
| Coma | 2114 (6.3) | 360 (2.9) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Body mass index, n (%) | 13.1 | ||
| < 18.5 | 11733 (35.2) | 4372 (34.8) | |
| 18.5–22.9 | 10081 (30.2) | 4179 (33.2) | |
| 23.0–24.9 | 2440 (7.3) | 1041 (8.3) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1926 (5.8) | 817 (6.5) | |
| ≥ 30 | 349 (1.0) | 170 (1.4) | |
| Missing | 6798 (20.4) | 1993 (15.9) | |
| Smoking index, mean (sd) | 4218 (596790) | 719 (1577) | 0.8 |
| Barthel index, n (%) | 15.5 | ||
| 0 | 13601 (40.8) | 4335 (34.5) | |
| 5–9 | 2928 (8.8) | 1422 (11.3) | |
| 10–14 | 3565 (10.7) | 1648 (13.1) | |
| 15–19 | 1882 (5.6) | 741 (5.9) | |
| 20 | 4910 (14.7) | 1775 (14.1) | |
| Missing | 6441 (19.3) | 2651 (21.1) | |
| Hugh-Jones dyspnoea scale score, n (%) | 19.6 | ||
| 0 | 7076 (21.2) | 1918 (15.3) | |
| 1 | 1494 (4.5) | 513 (4.1) | |
| 2 | 2412 (7.2) | 1009 (8.0) | |
| 3 | 2775 (8.3) | 1179 (9.4) | |
| 4 | 5624 (16.9) | 2823 (22.5) | |
| 5 | 11574 (34.7) | 4331 (34.4) | |
| Missing | 2372 (7.1) | 799 (6.4) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | 6.8 | ||
| 0–1 | 20712 (62.1) | 7879 (62.7) | |
| 2–3 | 10494 (31.5) | 4086 (32.5) | |
| ≥ 4 | 2121 (6.4) | 607 (4.8) | |
| Intensive care unit admission, n (%) | 2093 (6.3) | 1088 (8.7) | 9.2 |
| Oxygen intake at admission, n (%) | 22151 (66.5) | 8787 (69.9) | 7.4 |
| Intubation at admission, n (%) | 1547 (4.6) | 478 (3.8) | 4.2 |
| Steroid dose (mg), mean (sd) | 180.6 (611.3) | 210.6 (620.9) | 4.9 |
| Hospital volume, mean (sd) | 209.4 (139.4) | 221.1 (131.9) | 8.6 |
| Population density of patient living area ≤ 249 persons/km2, n (%) | 27697 (83.1) | 10595 (84.3) | 3.2 |
| Missing | 169 (0.5) | 64 (0.5) | |
| Distance between patient residence and hospital (km), mean (SD) | 6.0 (19.6) | 7.1 (26.0) | 4.6 |
