Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and vanadium and changes in asthma gene DNA methylation and lung function decrements among urban children

Table 1 Cohort characteristics

Characteristic	Participants included^a (n = 149)	CCCEH cohort not included (n = 578)	P-value^h
Maternal ethnicity			0.57
Dominican	94/149 (63%)	379/578 (66%)
African American	55/149 (37%)	199/578 (34%)
Age mean [min-max], yrs	12.5 (9.2–14.3)	-
Girls	76/149 (51%)	300/578 (52%)	0.85
≥Maternal high school degree	82/144 (57%)	374/569 (66%)	0.05
Maternal asthma (+)	42/149 (28%)	121/578 (21%)	0.06
Prenatal ETS exposure^b (+)	48/147 (33%)	198/570 (35%)	0.64
Current ETS exposure^c (+)	12/121 (10%)	-
Daily time spent home^d hrs, mean ± SD	16.3 ± 4.8
BMI^e z score, mean ± SD	0.86 ± 1.11	-
Underweight (<5^th %ile)	5/149 (3%)	-
Normal weight (5^th–85^th %ile)	66/149 (44%)	-
Overweight (85^th–95^th %ile)	40/149 (27%)	-
Obesity (≥95^th %ile)	38/149 (26%)	-
% Body fat, mean ± SD	26.7 ± 8.4	-
Waist circumference cm, mean ± SD	71.5 ± 11.5	-
Asthma^f	87/149 (58%)	83/360 (23%)	<0.001
Seroatopy^g	74/134 (55%)	113/269 (42%)	0.01

CCCEH Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, BMI Body mass index, ETS: Environmental tobacco smoke, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, SD: standard deviation
The total number of CCCEH cohort participants enrolled at birth = 727; ^aIncludes only the children in nested study that had complete data available for current analysis. Participants excluded if residential indoor sampling data not collected due to entry criteria (n = 564) and invalid air pollution data (n = 14)
^bReport of any smoker in the house during pregnancy. All mothers were nonsmokers during pregnancy
^cReport of any smoker during 1-week sampling period
^dDetermined by 24-hour questionnaire by answering “Between the time we dropped off the monitor and when you went to bed, did you leave home (Yes/No); then “What time did you leave home?”; “What time did you get home?”
^eWeight (kg)/height (m)², SD, standard deviation
^fDetermined by a specialist physician using standardized criteria at age 5–12 year [34]
^gTotal IgE ≥ 80 IU/mL
^hChi-tests performed

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