Associations between chronic comorbidity and exacerbation risk in primary care patients with COPD

Respiratory Research

Table 4 Comorbidities associated with ≥2 exacerbations/year versus <2 exacerbations/year in COPD patients, corrected for age and sex (multivariable results), sorted by p-value

	Odds ratio (95%CI)	p-value
Comorbid conditions^{a, b}
Heart failure	1 · 72 (1 · 38–2 · 14)	<0 · 001
Blindness & low vision	1 · 46 (1 · 21–1 · 75)	<0 · 001
Pulmonary cancer	1 · 85 (1 · 28–2 · 67)	0 · 002
Depression	1 · 48 (1 · 14–1 · 91)	0 · 003
Prostate disorders	1 · 50 (1 · 13–1 · 98)	0 · 004
Asthma	1 · 36 (1 · 11–1 · 70)	0 · 004
Osteoporosis/osteopenia	1 · 41 (1 · 11–1 · 80)	0 · 006
Diabetes	0 · 80 (0 · 66–0 · 97)	0 · 020
Dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux	1 · 25 (1 · 03–1 · 50)	0 · 023
Peripheral vascular disease	1 · 20 (1 · 00–1 · 45)	0 · 049
Comorbidity categories^b,c
Respiratory (excl. pulmonary cancer)	1 · 37 (1 · 15–1 · 64)	<0 · 001
Psychiatric	1 · 35 (1 · 13–1 · 60)	<0 · 001
Urogenital (male and female)	1 · 34 (1 · 12–1 · 60)	<0 · 001
Eye and ear	1 · 25 (1 · 06–1 · 47)	0 · 007
Endocrine, metabolic and feeding	0 · 85 (0 · 73–0 · 99)	0 · 032
Cardiovascular	1 · 17 (1 · 01–1 · 36)	0 · 037

OR odds ratio
^aAll chronic comorbidities with prevalence ≥5% and cardiopulmonary comorbidities were included in the multivariable logistic regression model
^bReference category was ‘comorbidity not diagnosed before study period’ (i.e., 1 January 2012)
^cAll ICPC comorbidity categories were included in the multivariate logistic regression mode

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