Fig. 6

Enhancement of ASM cell migration by co-stimulating the A549 cells with CSE and carbachol. The A549 cells were incubated with 3 % CSE and CCh (10 μM) for 72 h. ASM cell migration initiated by the stimulated A549 cells was detected after 6 h of co-culture in the transwell system, the migrated ASM cells were stained with crystal violet (a, ×100). A quantitative analysis of migration used Image Pro Plus 6.0 (b). The values are expressed as the means ± SEM, n = 4. ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01 vs the control group