Table 5 Predictors of total (ED and inpatient) hospital charges in patients with COPD who were admitted to the hospital after presenting to ED with COPD as the primary diagnosis using linear regression

Age

  < 50

Ref

Ref

 50- <65

3891.1 (2985.4, 4796.7)

<0.0001

3117.53 (2219.7, 4015.4)

<0.0001

 65- <80

6652.1 (5449.1, 7855.1)

<0.0001

4176.16 (2912.7, 5439.7)

<0.0001

  ≥ 80

7109.4 (5582.7, 8636.1)

<0.0001

2974.40 (1606.2, 4342.6)

<0.0001

Gender

 Female

Ref

Ref

 Male

-426.92 (-1051.0, 197.2)

0.1797

-665.99 (-1277.8, -54.2)

<0.0001

Median household income

 1st quartile (< $38,999)

Ref

Ref

 2nd quartile ($39,000 to $47,999)

371.8 (-1261.3, 2005.0)

0.6550

-273.8 (-1882.1, 1334.5)

0.7383

 3rd quartile ($48,000 to $62999)

4658.7 (2156.6, 7160.9)

0.0003

2250.3 (34.0, 4466.6)

0.0466

 4th quartile ($63,000 or more)

7493.74 (3997.5, 10990.0)

<0.0001

4614.2 (1284.2, 7944.2)

0.0067

Primary payer

 Medicare (ref)

Ref

Ref

 Medicaid

-2014.3 (-3242.1, -786.4)

0.0013

-963.2 (-2007.8, 81.3)

0.0707

 Private insurance

-3725.8 (-4972.1, -2479.4)

<0.0001

-2264.3 (-3574.4, -954.1)

0.0007

 Self-pay/no charge

-7134.2 (-8265.9, -6002.6)

<0.0001

-4291.1 (-5496.3, -3085.8)

<0.0001

 Other

-2313.6 (-4674.1, 47.0)

0.0547

-2427.7 (-4355.3, -500.1)

0.0136

Patient location (residence)

 Micropolitan/not metro

Ref

Ref

 Metro (large or small)

9681.5 (7392.3, 11970.6)

<0.0001

8000.2 (5631.0, 10369.3)

<0.0001

Hospital Region

 Northeast

Ref

Ref

 Midwest

-5464.4 (-9760.8, 1168.1)

0.0127

-3131.5 (-7348.2, 1085.1)

0.1453

 South

257.9 (-4333.9, 4849.7)

0.9122

3009.9 (-1643.7, 7663.6)

0.2046

 West

17022.9 (11248.1, 22797.8)

<0.0001

18103.3 (12310.9, 23895.8)

<0.0001

Teaching status of hospital

 Metropolitan non-teaching or non-metropolitan

Ref

Ref

 Metropolitan teaching

181.7 (-3059.2, 3422.7)

0.9124

-461.9 (-3862.1, 2938.4)

0.7898

Comorbidities

 CHD (ref: no)

2094.6 (1516.9, 2672.4)

<0.0001

892.91 (347.7, 1438.1)

0.0014

 Hyperlipidemia (ref: no)

-1748.2 (-2335.2, -1161.2)

<0.0001

-2162.7 (-2709.3, -1616.1)

<0.0001

 Renal failure (ref: no)

4756.1 (3906.7, 5605.5)

<0.0001

2414.5 (1672.6, 3156.4)

<0.0001

 CHF (ref: no)

7385.2 (6410.1, 8360.3)

<0.0001

6489.5 (5491.6, 7487.4)

<0.0001

 Gout (ref: no)

-1128.9 (-2562.4, 304.6)

0.1225

-3127.6 (-4587.4, -1667.8)

<0.0001

 Diabetes (ref: no)

1474.4 (853.5, 2095.3)

<0.0001

844.6 (247.4, 1441.7)

0.0056

 Hypertension (ref: no)

329.1 (-310.1, 968.2)

0.3125

-674.9 (-1341.2, -8.53)

0.0471

 Osteoarthritis (ref: no)

-2524.4 (-3469.5, -1579.3)

<0.0001

-2153.9 (-3023.9, -1283.9)

<0.0001