Table 2 Dependent variables and their descriptions

Speed (m/s)

Measured as the derivative of the position of the sacral marker.

Step Length (m)

Anterior-posterior distance from the heel strike of the right foot to the heel strike of the left foot.

Step Width (m)

Medial-lateral distance from the heel strike of the right foot to the heel strike of the left foot.

Step Time (seconds)

Time from the heel strike of the right foot to the heel strike of the left foot.

Stance Time (seconds)

Time between heel strike and toe off for the right foot.

Double Support Time (seconds)

Timing of the heel strike of the left foot to the toe off of the right foot (terminal double support).

Stride Length (m)

Anterior-posterior distance from two consecutive right heel strikes.

Stride Time (seconds)

Time between two consecutive right heel strikes.

Peak Plantarflexion Angle (deg)

Minimum angle during early stance.

Peak Dorsiflexion Angle (deg)

Maximum positive angle during late stance.

Peak Knee Flexion Angle (deg)

Maximum positive angle during early to mid stance.

Peak Knee Extension Angle (deg)

Minimum angle (close to zero) during mid to late stance.

Peak Hip Flexion Angle (deg)

Maximum positive angle at very early stance.

Peak Hip Extension Angle (deg)

Minimum angle (close to zero) during late stance.

Peak Dorsiflexion Moment (N*m/kg)

Minimum rotational force during early stance.

Peak Plantarflexion Moment (N*m/kg)

Maximum rotational force during late stance.

Peak Knee Extension Moment (N*m/kg)

Maximum rotational force during mid stance.

Peak Knee Flexion Moment (N*m/kg)

Minimum rotational force during mid to late stance.

Peak Hip Extension Moment (N*m/kg)

Maximum rotational force during very early stance.

Peak Hip Flexion Moment (N*m/kg)

Minimum rotational force during late stance.

Peak Ankle Power Absorption 1 (W/kg)

Minimum energy absorbed during early stance.

Peak Ankle Power Absorption 2 (W/kg)

Minimum energy absorbed during mid to late stance.

Peak Ankle Power Generation (W/kg)

Maximum energy generated during late stance.

Peak Knee Power Absorption 1 (W/kg)

Minimum energy absorbed during early to mid stance.

Peak Knee Power Generation (W/kg)

Maximum energy generated during mid stance.

Peak Knee Power Absorption 2 (W/kg)

Minimum energy absorbed during late stance.

Peak Hip Power Generation 1 (W/kg)

Maximum energy generated during early stance.

Peak Hip Power Absorption (W/kg)

Minimum energy absorbed during mid to late stance.

Peak Hip Power Generation 2 (W/kg)

Maximum energy generated during late stance.