Table 3 Studies measuring cytokines in patients with or at risk for ARDS
From: Serum biomarkers in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome an ailing prognosticator
Investigator | Patients Controls | Biomarker / Summary | ROC curve analysis Cut-off values | Specificity – Sensitivity PPV – NPV | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lesur et al. 20 | 19 ARDSa 14 at risk 20 controls | Association of early low serum IL-2 levels with the patients' survival | No | Not estimated | Small number of patients No ROC curve analysis / cut-off levels No serial measurement Discrepancies in serum and BALF IL-2 levels Limited number of studied molecules |
Parsons et al. 23 | 77 at risk | Association of serum IL-1ra, IL-10 levels with the disease outcome | No | Not estimated | No ROC curve analysis / cut-off levels Poor predictive value for ARDS development Limited number of studied molecules |
Takala et al. 24 | 52 at risk 9 ARDSa 45 controls | IL-8, IL-6, sIL-2R, E-selectin, procalcitonin Persistent elevation of inflammatory markers in patients with ALI precedes its clinical diagnosis | No | Not estimated | Small number of non-survivors No ROC curve analysis / cut-off levels Poor predictive value for ARDS development |
Bouros et al. 25 | 32 ARDSa 27 at risk | IL-4, IL-6, IL-6r, IL-8, IL-10 High prognostic value of all the inflammatory markers in assessing the outcome in patients with or at risk for ARDS | Yes IL-4: 84 pg/ml IL-6: 160 pg/ml IL-6r: 18 pg/ml IL-8: 2340 pg/ml IL-10: 98 pg/ml | IL-4: 78-100-81-100% IL-6: 59-96-69-94% IL-6r: 78-76-76-78% IL-8: 93-96-92-96% IL-10: 96-92-96-93% | Small sample size No serial measurement Grouping and definition criteria |
Schutte et al. 26 | 30 ARDSa 44 at risk 17 controls | IL-6, IL-8, TNFa Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in ARDS and/or severe pneumonia, differentiate these entities from cardiogenic pulmonary oedema | No | Not estimated | Small number of patients Weak correlations with clinical variables No definitive predictive value for outcome Overlap of cytokine levels between survivors and non-survivors No ROC curve analysis / cut-off levels |
Bauer et al. 27 | 46 ARDSa 20 at risk 10 controls | IL-6, IL-1b, TNFa serum levels associate better with the degree of lung injury rather than clarify its specific aetiology | No | Not estimated | Corticosteroid treatment Inconclusive prognostic value No serial measurement Limited number of studied molecules |