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Table 3 Association of ERAs and upper respiratory tract infections

From: How air pollution influences clinical management of respiratory diseases. A case-crossover study in Milan

(A)

lag 0

lag 1

lag 2

lag 3

lag 4

lag 5

lag 0-2

↑ 3 of 5 days

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

1.010 (0.989-1.031)

1.056 (1.035-1.077)

1.072 (1.052-1.093)

1.104 (1.083-1.124)

1.096 (1.076-1.117)

1.076 (1.056-1.096)

1.076 (1.049-1.103)

1.098 (1.061-1.137)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

1.101 (1.073-1.129)

1.144 (1.116-1.172)

1.124 (1.096-1.152)

1.144 (1.115-1.172)

1.143 (1.114-1.172)

1.122 (1.093-1.152)

1.174 (1.140-1.209)

0.987 (0.952-1.023)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

0.999 (0.995-1.003)

1.012 (1.008-1.016)

1.013 (1.009-1.016)

1.016 (1.012-1.020)

1.017 (1.013-1.021)

1.009 (1.005-1.013)

1.012 (1.007-1.017)

1.059 (1.029-1.089)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

0.999 (0.993-1.006)

0.999 (0.992-1.006)

0.992 (0.986-0.999)

0.986 (0.980-0.991)

0.989 (0.983-0.994)

0.983 (0.978-0.989)

0.994 (0.985-1.003)

1.060 (1.009-1.113)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

1.019 (1.014-1.024)

1.022 (1.017-1.026)

1.019 (1.014-1.024)

1.019 (1.014-1.024)

1.020 (1.016-1.025)

1.022 (1.017-1.027)

1.029 (1.024-1.035)

1.075 (1.038-1.113)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

1.018 (1.013-1.024)

1.019 (1.013-1.024)

1.016 (1.011-1.022)

1.020 (1.014-1.025)

1.024 (1.019-1.030)

1.027 (1.022-1.033)

1.026 (1.019-1.033)

1.028 (0.995-1.062)

 C 6 H 6 (2.6 mg/m3)

1.020 (1.001-1.041)

1.063 (1.043-1.083)

1.062 (1.042-1.083)

1.074 (1.054-1.095)

1.085 (1.064-1.107)

1.081 (1.060-1.103)

1.076 (1.050-1.102)

1.051 (1.013-1.090)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

0.975 (0.958 (0.991)

1.027 (1.011-1.045)

1.025 (1.008-1.042)

1.043 (1.026-1.060)

1.050 (1.033-1.068)

1.036 (1.019-1.054)

1.015 (0.994-1.037)

1.030 (0.993-1.068)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

0.983 (0.969 (0.998)

1.018 (1.004-1.033)

1.023 (1.008-1.038)

1.024 (1.009-1.038)

1.023 (1.008-1.038)

1.011 (0.996-1.026)

1.015 (0.995-1.035)

1.005 (0.974-1.037)

(B)

Age group

Gender

Race

Season

 

≤16

≥65

Males

Females

Caucasian

Others

Warm

Cold

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

1.074 (1.044-1.106)

1.085 (0.990-1.189)

1.076 (1.040-1.113)

1.075 (1.036-1.116)

1.067 (1.039-1.097)

1.125 (1.054-1.201)

0.873 (0.815-0.936)

1.118 (1.088-1.149)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

1.187 (1.148-1.227)

1.112 (0.995-1.243)

1.192 (1.146-1.240)

1.153 (1.104-1.204)

1.179 (1.142-1.216)

1.148 (1.063-1.239)

0.885 (0.785-0.997)

1.203 (1.166-1.241)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

1.016 (1.010-1.022)

0.999 (0.980-1.017)

1.011 (1.004-1.018)

1.013 (1.005-1.020)

1.013 (1.008-1.019)

1.004 (0.991-1.017)

0.983 (0.972-0.995)

1.020 (1.014-1.025)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

0.989 (0.979-1.000)

0.998 (0.967-1.029)

0.994 (0.982-1.007)

0.993 (0.980-1.007)

0.997 (0.987-1.006)

0.978 (0.955-1.002)

1.022 (1.009-1.035)

0.965 (0.952 (0.977)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

1.031 (1.024-1.038)

1.013 (0.992-1.035)

1.029 (1.021-1.037)

1.030 (1.022-1.039)

1.027 (1.021-1.034)

1.041 (1.025-1.058)

1.028 (0.999-1.058)

1.029 (1.023-1.035)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

1.028 (1.020-1.036)

1.004 (0.980-1.028)

1.028 (1.018-1.037)

1.024 (1.015-1.034)

1.025 (1.018-1.032)

1.030 (1.012-1.048)

0.997 (0.965-1.030)

1.026 (1.020-1.033)

 C 6 H 6 (2.6 mg/m3)

1.094 (1.064-1.124)

1.016 (0.928-1.113)

1.079 (1.045-1.115)

1.072 (1.035-1.111)

1.073 (1.045-1.101)

1.091 (1.025-1.162)

1.099 (0.979-1.234)

1.077 (1.050-1.104)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

1.030 (1.005-1.056)

0.953 (0.880-1.033)

1.013 (0.984-1.043)

1.018 (0.986-1.050)

1.019 (0.996-1.043)

0.986 (0.932-1.044)

0.904 (0.840-0.973)

1.028 (1.005-1.052)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

1.022 (1.000-1.045)

0.976 (0.908-1.050)

1.014 (0.987-1.041)

1.015 (0.986-1.045)

1.016 (0.995-1.038)

0.998 (0.947-1.051)

0.880 (0.810-0.955)

1.024 (1.003-1.045)

  1. KEY: Results are expressed as Odds Ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with (A) various pollutants at various lags and (B) in various subgroups at lag 0–2 from conditional logistic regression analysis including terms for daily weather variables (1-day lag for temperature, humidity and temperature squared).
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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