Figure 2
From: TLR4 signalling in pulmonary stromal cells is critical for inflammation and immunity in the airways
Consequences of TLR4 activation on pulmonary SCs. TLR4 signalling on SCs is required for early chemokine production and neutrophil and DC recruitment to the lungs, and direct bonchoconstriction, whereas robust cytokine production (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNFα, etc.) is dependent of BM-derived cells. Moreover, the TLR4 signalling on pulmonary ECs induces a Th2 polarizing response, via the induction of Th2-inducing DCs.