Table 4 MR heterogeneity test of the association of educational attainment with each outcome and mediator

Educational attainment to FEV1

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

1.15e−61

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

1.89e−61

Educational attainment to FVC

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

4.70e−75

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

6.69e−75

Educational attainment to FEV1/FVC

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

1.93e−46

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

9.23e−47

Educational attainment to lung cancer

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

0.4454708

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

0.4447875

Educational attainment to asthma

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

2.63e−13

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

2.30e−13

Educational attainment to BMI

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

1.62e−53

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

3.34e−53

Educational attainment to physical activity

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

8.48e−06

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

9.04e−06

Educational attainment to cigarettes per day

MR heterogeneity test (MR-Egger)

1.25e−16

MR heterogeneity test (IVW)

1.25e−16